An Sherlock Holmes deductive Hanyar amfani?

Literary gwarzo Conan Doyle - wani m jami'in Sherlock Holmes - mai yawa kuma yayi magana a game da tsawon da ya Hanyar cire. Kuma cewa, ya sau da yawa yana sanya masu karatu a makafi titi, saba da na asali Concepts dabaru. Bayan duk deductive tunani - wannan ƙarshe, abu daga general da musamman. A sauki misali na wannan shawara: muna sane da ikon janye daga cikin Duniya. Muna da wani babban ra'ayin na cewa ruwa dama saukar, ba rushes up. akai-akai lura ruwa drop tsari. Wadannan janar aika taimaka mana Azancin su yi tunanin abin da ya kama Niagara Falls (mai zaman kansa), ko da yake ba mu taba gani.

Amma mun san Sherlock Holmes amfani sosai daban-daban na karshe, a maimakon haka, aka fi sani da shigar da, wato, da hawan daga musamman ga general. Laka a kan takalma binciken ƙarasa da cewa, mutane suka zo daga yankunan karkara, faci, kuma tags cobbler cewa rundunar takalma - ba wani mai arziki mutum, amma ta mai danko daga cikin aljihu na Railway tikitoci ƙarasa da cewa, ya isa a birnin London ta jirgin kasa. A sanannen jami'in warware laifukan da aka gudanar a causal sarkar: tokar sigarin - smoker - muradinsa - ainihi daga cikin smoker. Kuma a karshen yin ƙarshe: da laifi - Mr X. A cikin akwati na da sananne cire Holmes tunani zai je wani mabanbanta hanyar: Mr. X ne sosai kama da laifin, yayin da sauran mutane zameshennye a cikin wannan harka, ba. Ya duhu baya. Ya yi da muradi ya kashe azabtar. A lokacin da laifi bã ya da wani alibi. Saboda haka, da kisa - Mr. X.

Saboda haka abin da ke cikin deductive Hanyar yi amfani da tsari na warware wani laifi Holmes? A farko, ga alama cewa a kan tushen da karami cikakken bayani, ya kuma Ya mayar da laifi scene, kamar dai shi aka sake kafa a gaban shi. Alal misali, a cikin hali na sata na taskõkin Agra: a kan sawu na kadan da ƙafãfu da protruding yatsunsu jami'in gane cewa mutumin da ya bar ya alama, ba sosai tsayi, kuma ba sa takalma. Wani shafi tunanin mutum da aikinsa, kuma shi ke da ku, da m - wani gajeren daga cikin Andaman Islands.

Zai ze cewa akwai wani net shigar da - hawan daga musamman ga general (shaida daga masu zaman kansu da sauran hoto na laifi). Ganin cewa deductive Hanyar - zuriya daga general da musamman. Amma a gaskiya babu wani sabani a nan. Holmes ya ce: "Duk rai - wanda bai yankẽwa causal sarkar, amma yanayi ne na wannan kewaye mu iya bincika kawai daya daga cikin links." Ku tuna da misalin na ruwa da kuma Niagara Falls? A nan ne wani muhimmin quote daga Conan Doyle, inda da wallafe-wallafen gwarzo ya ce ya Hanyar: "Duk laifuka nuna babban dangantaka. Su (da jamiái na Scotland Yard) ya gabatar da ni zuwa ga yanayi na wani batu. Sanin bayani na 1000 lokuta, shi zai zama m ba warware da 1,001th ".

Saboda haka, Holmes deductive Hanyar presupposes ilmi game da ainihin laifuffuka (msl, kisan, sata, jabu). Kisa ya classified bisa ga "iyali itace" kisan kai daga kishi, domin riba, da ɗaukar fansa, da dai sauransu Daga baya dai itace cewa da kisan domin ya sami gādonsa na Duke da kuma kisan jajirce saboda mallakan wasiyya Esquire, ma, suna da nasu ƙayyadaddu, da sauransu, saukar da kankantarsa. Jami'in tsaro ba, amma, a maimakon haka, marubucin, kamar yadda wani Banasare, da kuma ciwon da wani ra'ayin na tsibirin (watau zaci a Birtaniya Tsibirin) harka dokar, kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa sabon, ba tukuna bayyana laifi da magabãta a baya, kuma wajibi ne kawai da wannan nau'i Fit.

Za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa, duk da waje shigar da, Holmes ne deductive Hanyar daukan amfani da ma'ana lissafin. Wasa da goge, ko shan taba da wuta, wani m jami'in tsaro yana zaton: yadda za a rarrabesu a musamman laifi? Ramuwar gayya? Kishi? Zari? Sherlock ƙaryata duk ba daidai ba kamar yadda raraka da alkama daga ƙaiƙayi, duk da haka ba kawai gyara hatsi zai kasance a hannunsa. Kuma ya ce game da hanyar: "Na jefa ajiye duk ba zai yiwu ba, abin da ya rage - shi ne amsar wannan tambaya, komai dama shi iya ze."