Rasha harshen - yana da ... tsoho Rasha kalma. Tarihi na Rasha harshen

Rasha harshen - wani irin madubi da ta nuna ruhun muhimmi a cikin dukan mutane. Its sauti, yana nufin na magana, da m yiwuwa - da wani ɓangare na al'ada da kuma a lokaci guda musamman mai karfi ta ainihi. Quality Rasha harshen sosai vividly bayyana Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov: shi ake bayyana tausayi da girmamawa Italian Spanish, Faransa liveliness da ƙarfin da Jamus, da richness da ma'ana brevity na Greek da Latin. Duk wadannan kaddarorin bai faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Tarihi na Rasha harshen da aka kafe a cikin zurfin lokaci.

harshe

Don kwanan wata, akwai da dama theories na Proto-Slavic harshe. Duk masu bincike sun yarda cewa shi ya tsaya daga kek. Wasu masana kimiyya ya bayyana cewa, na dogon lokaci akwai wani Proto-Balto-Slavic harshe, wanda sa'an nan riga rududdugaggu cikin Proto-Slavic da prabaltiysky. Wannan yana goyan bayan da babban yawan gano kamance. Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike sun rubuta game da layi daya cigaban biyu harsuna da daga baya lokacin da suka m.

Duk abin da ya, da kasafi na m "m" na Rasha kek kwanakin baya zuwa III Millennium BC. Rubuta kafofin na cewa lokaci ba ya wanzu. Duk da haka, hankali da bincike da kuma tattara bayanan da damar da masana kimiyya da sake gina ci gaban harshe a cikin irin wannan m baya.

A sakamakon hijirar da kuma sake ma su matsugunni da jĩkõki, da dangi kadaici na Proto-Slavic harshe a cikin VI-VII ƙarni. n. e. kasu kashi uku rassan: kudancin, yammaci da kuma gabashin.

tsohon Rasha

A gabashin reshe da aka kira "Tsohon Rasha harshe." An wanzu for game XIII-XIV karni. A zamanin d Eastern Slavs ce.

A gaskiya, shi ne wata Naira Miliyan Xari da dama yaruka, interpenetrating da kullum hulda da juna. Kusancinsu ya ƙwarai da gudummawar da samuwar da tsoho Rasha jihar. Domin XI-XII cc. matsayin wani ɓangare na harshe gano da dama yarukan:

• kudu maso yammacin - a Kiev, Galicia da Volyn.
• Yammacin - Smolensk da Polotsk.
• kudu maso gabashin - Ryazan, Kursk, Chernigov.
• Northwest - Novgorod, Pskov.
• Arewa maso gabashin - Rostov kuma Suzdal.

Yaruka bambanta da wani sa na halaye, wasu daga wanda an kiyaye su a cikin wadannan yankunan a yau. Bugu da kari, akwai sabani a rubuta harshen amfani ga doka takardun. A cewar masana kimiyya, ta dogara ne a kan wani yare na Ancient Kyiv kwance.

Kirill na Mefody

Rubuta a lokacin da tarihi na zamanin d harshen fara a cikin XI karni. Yin shirki da shi tare da sunayen Cyril da Methodius. A cikin IX karni, suka halitta mai Church Slavonic haruffa. Saba mana daga yara haruffa na Rasha harshen "girma" saboda shi. Kirill na Mefody Church aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki. Wannan harshen version kuma a yau ne yafi ga Orthodox bauta. Na dogon lokaci da aka yi amfani a matsayin rubuta, da wallafe-wallafen, da kuma taba - kamar yadda na faɗa.

The Old Church dogara ne a kan yuzhnobolgarsky Slavic yare. Ya kasance mai 'yan qasar na Cyril da Methodius da kuma kawo ƙamus da kuma kuskure tsoho harshe.

rassa uku

Fiye ko žasa daya tsohon Rasha ya tashi zuwa XI karni. Jihar aka sa'an nan tuba zuwa ga wani fili na gwada m daga juna mulkoki. A sakamakon wannan rabuwa da daban-daban yaruka sun zama mashahuri kungiyoyin tsaya baya da kuma ƙarshe juya a cikin wani gaba daya m harsuna. A karshe samuwar su kwanakin daga XIII-XIV ƙarni. Rasha harshen - shi ne daya daga cikin rassa uku. A wasu biyu - da Ukrainian, da Belarushiyanci. Tare, su ne wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar na Gabas Slavic harsuna.

Tsohon Rasha lokaci a cikin tarihi na harshe

Modern wallafe-wallafen Rasha harshen - shi ne sakamakon da connection siffofi biyu yarukan: arewa maso yamma (Pskov da Novgorod) da kuma tsakiya da gabashin (Rostov, Suzdal, Ryazan da kuma Moscow). Its raya gabãta da ɓullowar wasu sabon fasali a cikin XIV-XVII ƙarni. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

A wannan lokaci, da harshen cikin Moscow sarauta aro daga Poland da dama syntactic da lexical fasali. Amma mafi yawa ya aka fallasa zuwa Old Church Slavonic. Da tasiri da aka nuna a cikin ƙamus, ginin kalma, kuskure da ilimin halittar jiki na Rasha harshe. Duk da haka, da lura da kuma samuwar nasu, nezaimstvovannyh sabon fasali:

• hasara a karkatar interlace k / q, g / s, c / s.
• canji na ƙamus.
• IV bacewar declensions da sauransu.

Tsakanin XIV ga XVII karni da tarihi na harshe ne ake kira Old Rasha.

Modern Rasha Wallafe-wallafe

Mu saba da harshen zahiri kafa a XVII-XIX ƙarni. Muhimmiyar rawa a wannan tsari aka buga da aiki Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova. Ya halicci dokokin shayari in Russian, ya marubucin wani kimiyya nahawu.

Duk da haka, da kai tsaye mahaliccin da zamani Rasha wallafe-wallafen harshen da aka dauke su Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin. Hakika, idan ka duba a cikin wani littafi na 'yan shekarun nan da kuma kwatanta shi da, misali, tare da rubutu "Captain' Yar", za ta nuna da dama da bambance-bambance. Duk da haka, shi ne mai girma mawãƙi kuma marubuci gudanar ya hada siffofin da wallafe-wallafen harshen baya dazamani da conversational fasali, da kuma shi ya zama tushen ga kara raya.

wajen samo

Na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin tarihin na kowane harshe yana da wani tasiri yaruka magana da jama'ar na makwabta ko kawai m kasashen. Ga mutane da yawa ƙarni da Rasha a bayansa da kalmomi, da waje-haife. Yau aka kira su wajen samo. Su ne sauki ji a kusan duk wani tattaunawar:

• Turanci: kwallon kafa, wasanni, kankara hockey.
• Jamus: wanzami, a sanwic, wata ƙõfa.
• Faransa: shãmaki, gyale, jacket, bene fitilar.
• Spanish: koko, bullfights, mutuni.
• Latin: injin wakili jamhuriyar.

Tare da aro da kuma ware 'yan qasar Rasha kalmomi. Wadanda suka faru a duk lokaci na tarihi, wasu daga cikinsu koma daga tsohon tsari na harshe. Native Rasha kalmomi za a iya raba da dama kungiyoyin:

• Common Slavonic (. Kafa zuwa V-VI ƙarni): uwa, dare, rana, Birch, abin sha, ku ci, wa;
• Gabas Slavic (kafa kafin XIV-XV ƙarni, kowa ga Rasha, Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci.): Uncle, tafiya, arba'in, iyali.
• ainihin Rasha (XIV karni.): sunaye denoting mutane da suffixes -schik da -chik (sojan igwa), samu daga manufofi m sunaye da kari na baya baki -skeleton (fushi), slozhnosokraschennye kalmomi (high school, da BAM, da United Nations).

Rawar da harshen

Yau, kasashe da dama sun yi amfani da matsayin na aikin harshe ne Rasha. Rasha, Kazakhstan, Belarus da kuma Kyrgyzstan. Rasha ne kasa harshen mu al'umma da kuma dalilin na kasa da kasa sadarwa a tsakiyar Eurasia, Gabashin Turai, tsohon Tarayyar Soviet, kazalika da daya daga cikin aiki harsuna amfani da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A ƙarfi daga cikin Rasha harshen da aka cikakken nuna a cikin gargajiya wallafe-wallafe. Hasashe, richness na ƙamus, musamman sauti, kalma samuwar kuma ginin kalma sanya shi cancantar taka muhimmiyar rawa a hulda da mabambantan mutane na dukan duniya. Duk wannan yana buɗewa to dalibai a lokacin da suka yi nazarin batun "Rasha harshen". Grammar, kuma da alamun Jungle zama mafi ban sha'awa idan bãyansu ya ta'allaka da wani dogon tarihi, da iko mai girma da ƙarfi daga cikin mutane da kuma harshe.