Pyotr Chaadaev - Rasha marubuci, Falsafa da zurfin tunani

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev yau da kullum da masu karatu san mafi babu mafi matsayin aboki kuma addressee na Pushkin, da babban waƙen wanda sadaukar da wasu daga cikin manyan waqe. Wadannan biyu geniuses hadu a lokacin rani 1816 na a wata ƙungiya a Karamzin. Goma sha bakwai bana Aleksandr Pushkin yayin da har yanzu a makarantar sakandare, da kuma ashirin da uku, Peter Chaadaev da wannan lokaci ne mai tsananin haske fama jami'in, kamshin gunpowder a yakin Borodino da kuma halartar waje soja yakin. Peter bauta a cikin Rayuwa Guards Hussar rajimanti sa a Tsarskoye Selo. Make abokai da suka riga kadan daga baya, lokacin da Pushkin sauke karatu daga karatu a lyceum.

Chaadaev Petr Yakovlevich da Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin

Chaadayev samu wani kyakkyawan ilimi, ya yi wani gwauron hankali sabili da haka rinjayi da samuwar da Outlook na bincike matasa mawãƙi ne. Suna da wani yawa na mai kaifin tattaunawa kuma mai tsanani muhawara, a karshen shi duka zo saukar zuwa autocratic Rasha da dukan da kasawan - da rashin 'yanci, serfdom, nauyi da kuma azzaluman yanayi rinjaye a ko'ina a lokacin. A Fatherland yan'uwanmu freethinkers a kowane lokaci sun kasance a shirye don su bada wa "kurwa girma gusts" ( "Don Chaadaev", 1818).

Suna kuma ba a yarda ka huta, da kuma falsafa da kuma wallafe-wallafen da tunani. Juna aboki Ya. I. Saburov ce Chaadayev m sakamako a kan Pushkin, haddasa shi zurfi a cikin falsafa da tunani. Peter Y. ya zama daya daga cikin mafi kusa abokai na Alexander, kuma ko da suka sashi a cikin da ake ji wa commutation ya jumla idan ya fadi daga ni'ima tare da sarki. Saboda haka ina gudun hijira, da farko a Siberia, kõ a cikin Solovetsky sufi, duk da haka, wani m sakamakon da aka kudancin mahada tare da translation sabis a Bessarabia.

sokewa na arziki

Zumuncin da ke tsakanin biyu celebrities ci gaba a cikin haruffa, a cikin abin da Pushkin sau da yawa yarda cewa ya abota da Chaadayev maye gurbin farin ciki da kuma cewa wanda zai iya son ya sanyi rai na wani mawãƙi ba ne. A 1821, Alexander ya sarrafa shi ya waqe, "A kasar inda zan manta da tashin hankali na baya shekaru ...": "Abin da sanyi shakka? '(1824) Dukkan wadannan halittun da wani wasiya ga babbar sha'awa ga Pushkin wa mazan aboki da kuma shawarta, wanda ya kira a warkarwa na shafi tunanin mutum da ƙarfi.

Chaadaev da wata m aiki, amma bayan wannan yunkuri Semenov rajimanti da ya yi murabus (as Peter Y. bayyana wa 'yan adawa matsayin). A shekaru biyu, sai ya ciyar a rago, sa'an nan bar zuwa gyara su kiwon lafiya a Turai, da kuma wannan tsĩrar da shi daga Disamba hadari. All m shekara, ya sha wahala da shafi tunanin mutum baƙin ciki, da karfi na ruhaniya rikicin, mai tsanani karaya sa ta muhalli m gaskiya. Ya kullum tunani game da makomar Rasha. All daga cikin mafi tsada, da tsada da kuma limaman ya kira cin hanci da rashawa, m, tir da bayi da dabbobi masu rarrafe a bauta.

A farkon kaka 1826 a Moscow kusan lokaci guda ya koma Alexander Pushkin kuma Petr Chaadaev. Abokai hadu a wani juna aboki ya S. A. Sobolevskogo, inda mawãƙi aka Masana da dukan waka "Boris Godunov" sa'an nan suka ziyarci da salon Zenaida Volkonsky. A kadan daga baya, Pushkin ba wa aboki Bitrus, da wannan babban aiki.

Peter Chaadaev: "ilimin falsafa Haruffa"

A cikin shekaru 1829-1830 tare da kaifi zamantakewa zargi ya auku a Nikolaev Rasha publicist kuma ya rubuta sanannun "da ilimin falsafa Haruffa". Na farko shi ne wata muqala, wata wasika da aka Peter Chaadaev, Pushkin, da mawãƙi da aka ambata game da shi a cikin wasika zuwa ga wani aboki a cikin tsakiyar lokacin rani 1831. Buga da shi riga a 1836 a "kawo nesa kusa", alhãli kuwa A. I. Gertsen rubuta cewa wannan taron da aka harbe Rang fita a cikin duhu dare.

Pushkin yanke shawarar amsa da rubuta a amsa wasika zuwa ga mawallafin, ne, ya zauna, unsent. A da shi ya ce cewa zargi Chaadaeva bisa Rasha harkokin rayuwar jama'a, ta hanyoyi da yawa bayyananne gaskiya da kuma cewa shi ma ba burge tare da cewa a kusa da faruwa, amma Pushkin takwabin girmama cewa ko da abin da za su canja su mahaifarsa kuma ba ya so ina da wani daban-daban da tarihin fiye da tarihi na kakanninsa, wanda ya aiko su zuwa ga Allah.

A sakamakon haka, "nesa kusa" da aka rufe, da editan N. I. Nadezhdina aka fitar da su Siberia, kuma Chaadaev ayyana mahaukaci, kuma a karkashin sa m likita da kuma 'yan sanda dubawa. Chaadaev ko da yaushe ta nuna godiya Pushkin matsayin babbar aboki, ya yi girman kai daga gare shi, na goyi abũta, kuma Pushkin kira "m baiwa." A m shekaru, kuma kõ dã sun ci gaba da saduwa da a Moscow, amma cewa tsohon m kawance da suka wuce.

biography

Peter Chaadaev, wanda biography da aka gabatar a cikin labarin, ya kasance daga m daraja iyali da kuma masu juna biyu line ya jikan tarihi da kuma Academician M. M. Scherbatova. Ya aka haife kan May 27, 1794, kuma aka marayu farkon, mahaifinsa ya rasu ranar bayan haihuwa, shi da uwarsa - a 1797.

Peter, tare da ɗan'uwansa, Michael dauki ga kansa daga cikin Nizhny Novgorod yankin a kan ilimi a Moscow inna - Princess Anna Mihaylovna Scherbatova. Guardian da yara ya zama mijinta - Prince D. M. Scherbatov. Suka zauna a cikin Azurfa Lane, a kan Arbat, kusa da St. Nicholas Church Jawlensky.

aiki

A 1807-1811 shekaru da ya halarci laccoci a Moscow University, ya abokai da A. S. Griboedovym Decembrist N. I. Turgenevym, I. D. Yakushkinym da sauransu. Ya bambanta ba kawai tuna Kuma rãyuwar hali, amma kuma da suna da wani dandy, da kuma kyau. A 1812, ya yi aiki a cikin Semenov, sa'an nan a cikin Akhtyrka hussar rajimanti. Ya halarci yakin Borodino, kuma bayan da yaki ya fara bauta wa fadar kotu da kuma a 1819 samu da daraja na kyaftin.

Bayan wani bore a cikin Semenov rajimanti ya ƙaddamar da ya yi murabus, kuma a 1821 ya shiga cikin Society na Decembrists a 1823 ya tafi kasashen waje. Akwai ya halarci laccoci da Falsafa Schelling, ya ba har wani abota da shi da kuma bita da ra'ayoyi da mahanga.

wulãkanci

Bayan ya dawo zuwa Rasha a 1826, Peter Chaadaev rayu kusan a shãmaki. Kawai sai ya rubuta ya shahara "da ilimin falsafa Haruffa", wanda kawai takwas. Ya karshe harafi bayan buga a "kawo nesa kusa" a 1836 za a kafofin yada tattauna a cikin kowane gida. Ma'anar shi ne cewa Rasha m tafi daga duniya al'adu ci gaban da Rasha mutane - wannan shi ne wani rata a wani m hanya da zama 'yan adam. Herzen kasance daya daga cikin 'yan da ke goyon bayan karshe na Falsafa game da mummunan Rasha. Chaadayev jawo wa kansu wannan fushin hukuma, kuma ya aka hukuma bayyana mahaukaci.

Irin wannan dauki na hukuma da kuma jama'a sunyi baki daya kayarwa Chaadaeva tilasta sake su ra'ayoyi, da kuma a shekara daga baya ya rubuta "uzuri na mahaukaci", inda akwai riga more kaffa zama na gaba a nan gaba na Rasha.

Ya karshe shekaru ya rayu a kan titunan New Basman suna fadin da kuma Kadaitaccen, ko da yake Moscow jama'a ascribes masa wani bakon Freak, amma a lokaci guda, da kaifi harshe, da yawa ya tsorata ƙwarai.

A Afrilu Chaadayev mutu 1856 da shekara 14, aka binne shi a cikin hurumi na Donskoy sufi a Moscow.

Aikace-aikace na falsafa

Kansa ya kira "Kirista falsafa". Petra Chaadaeva falsafa iya zama kai tsaye m, ba shi yiwuwa su cikakken fahimta da karatu kawai daya daga cikin ayyukansa. Wannan na bukatar a nazarin da cikakken kewayon rubuce-rubucen da kuma masu zaman kansu rubutu. Bayan kawai gano cewa babban abu a matsayinsa yana da addini ganewarsu cewa ba a cikin ikon yinsa, daga Katolika, Protestantism da Orthodoxy. Daga hangen zaman gaba guda rukunan Kirista ya so ya ba da wata sabuwar fassarar duk tarihi da kuma falsafa da al'adunsu. Ya falsafa addini karatu ya yi imani da addini na nan gaba nufi ga rashin tsoro Hearts da kuma zurfin shawa, da kuma shi ba ya zo daidai da masana tauhidi da na addinai. A nan sai ya zama kama Tolstogo Lva Nikolaevicha, wanda a cikin wannan hanya yana da wuya da kuma takaici sha wahala a ruhaniya rikicin.

Peter Chaadaev san Littattafai, kuma masani a shi. Duk da haka, babban tambaya cewa yana so ya sami amsar da aka "asiri na lokaci", kuma da ma'anar adam tarihi. Duk amsoshin da yake nema a cikin Kristanci.

"Kamar wani ido na rahama yasnovidyasche - shi ke falsafar Kiristanci" - rubuta Pyotr Chaadaev. Quotes taimake shi gano kamanninsa mafi warai, a cikin daya daga cikinsu shi kama da annabi ne, domin ya rubuta cewa gurguzanci zai lashe, a cikin ra'ayi, da kuma ba domin ya ke daidai, amma saboda abokan adawarsa sun yi kuskure.

United coci

Ya yi imani da cewa babban dabara da kuma tafin kafa dalili ga mutãne ya kamata a kafa mulkin Allah a nan duniya, ta hanyar da halin kirki ci gaba, da kuma koran wannan tarihi aiwatar da ikon Allahntaka. Waje na Kristanci, ya ba wakiltar tarihi da zama da kuma cikin jiki Mulkin Allah ba tare da wani coci. Kuma a nan dole ne mu jaddada cewa, a nan Chaadayev yi magana da daya coci, ba ya kasu kashi daban-daban ƙungiyõyi. Yana da yake a cewa ya ga gaskiya ma'anar akidarsu, da bangaskiya a cikin guda coci - ta cikin na'urar cikakken tsari a duniya, gaba ka koma ga mulkin Allah. Kamata nan da nan a iya tunawa da cewa a cikin Orthodox bangaskiya, da Mulkin Allah - a sufi ra'ayi ya auku bayan da real rayuwa a duniya (bayan Apocalypse).

Chaadaev zaton cewa bangaskiyar Musulmi daraja da nisa daga gaskiya. United Ikilisiyar Kirista, wanda raba cikin ƙungiyõyi - da cewa shi ne gaskiya cikin jiki Allah. Daga cikin dukkan addinai ya ba zato ba tsammani na zaban babban Katolika coci, wanda da zato sun fi mayar da za'ayi shirin Allah haka. Babban shaida ya kira babban ci gaban da Western al'adu. A cewar shi, Rasha ya ba da kõme, kuma duniya al'ada "batar ta hanyar a cikin ƙasa." Ya zargi da Rasha mutane da kuma gani da dalilin da cewa Rasha ya soma Orthodoxy daga Rum.

ƙarshe

Amma sai sosai a hankali shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa dukkan wadannan tunaninsa ya kasance sun fi mayar da msar tambayar a cikin yanayi, tun da shi duk rayuwarsa dauki kansa Orthodox, kuma ko da zurfi ƙwarai da gaske ji haushi idan akwai jita-jita game da miƙa mulki ga Katolika bangaskiya.

Bit fermented a cikin falsafa sharudda bayan da musu na Providence a al'adar Rasha, a 1837, ya ba zato ba tsammani rubuta wata takarda mai taken "uzuri na mahaukaci", wanda aka riga magana game da babban makomar Rasha, ta musamman rawar sanya ta Ubangiji.