Properties da kuma tsarin da carbohydrates. carbohydrates aiki

Ga jikin mutum, kazalika da sauran halittu masu rai bukatar makamashi. Ba tare da shi, babu kwarara ba zai iya zama matakai. Bayan duk, kowane biochemical dauki, wani enzymatic tsari ko mataki na metabolism bukatar makamashi Madogararsa.

Saboda haka, darajar kayayyakin, samar da jiki ƙarfi ga rayuwa, ne manya-manyan da kuma muhimmanci. Me ya sãme? Carbohydrates, sunadarai, fats. A tsarin kowane daga cikinsu shi ne daban-daban, da suka kasance a mabanbanta azuzuwan na sinadaran mahadi, amma daya daga cikin su ayyuka ne irin - samar da jiki da zama dole kuzarin rayuwa. La'akari da wata kungiya daga cikin wadannan abubuwa - carbohydrates.

rarrabuwa na carbohydrates

A abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da carbohydrates tun da bude ayyana ta da sunan. Bayan duk, a cikin farkon kafofin da aka zaci cewa yana da irin wannan rukuni na mahadi waxanda suke da ba a tsarin carbon atoms bonded zuwa ruwa kwayoyin.

A mafi sosai analysis, kazalika da tara bayanai a kan bambancin da wadannan abubuwa a yarda su tabbatar da cewa ba duk wakilan ne kawai a sashi ba. Duk da haka, wannan siffa ne har yanzu daya daga cikin wadanda cewa kayyade tsarin carbohydrates.

Modern rarrabuwa na wannan kungiyar da mahadi ne kamar haka:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, glucose da sauransu).
2. Oligosaccharides (BIOS, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (sitaci, cellulose).

Har ila yau, duk carbohydrates za a iya raba da wadannan kungiyoyin biyu:

• tanadi.
• ba rage.

A tsarin da kwayoyin na carbohydrates kowane rukunin dauki kusa look.

Monosaccharides: halayyar

Wannan category ya hada da dukan sauki carbohydrates dake dauke da wani aldehyde (aldose) ko ketone (ketose) kungiyar da ba fiye da 10 carbon atoms a cikin sarkar tsarin. Idan ka dubi yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin babban sarkar, da monosaccharides za a iya raba:

• triose (glyceraldehyde).
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose).
• pentose (ribose da deoxyribose).
• hexoses (glucose, fructose).

All sauran wakilan ba haka ba ne mai muhimmanci ga jiki kamar yadda aka jera.

Features na tsarin kwayoyin

A tsarin monosaccharides za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai sarkar, da kuma a cikin wani nau'i na cyclic carbohydrate. Ta yaya wannan ya faru? The abu ne cewa tsakiyar carbon zarra a cikin fili shi ne wani asymmetric cibiyar kusa da kwayoyin a cikin bayani ne iya juya. Tun kafa Tantancewar isomers monosaccharides L- kuma D-siffofin. A wannan dabara glucose da ke rubuce a cikin wani nau'i na mike sarkar, zai iya tunani fahimci aldehyde kungiyar (ko ketone) da kuma mirgine up a cikin wani ball. Don samun m cyclic dabara.

A sunadarai tsarin mai yawan carbohydrates monosaccharides quite sauki: adadin carbon atoms kafa da sarkar ko zobe, kowanne daga abin da suke daban-daban, ko kuma aka shirya a gefe daya daga hydroxyl kungiyoyin da hydrogen atoms. Idan duk wannan sunan a gefe daya daga cikin tsarin, sa'an nan da D-isomer aka kafa, idan for daban-daban interleaved juna - sa'an nan L-isomer. Idan muka rubuta general dabara Wakilin fi na kowa monosaccharides glucose a cikin kwayoyin tsari, shi zai sami form: C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã _6. Bugu da ƙari, cikin rikodin nuna tsarin da kuma fructose, ma. Bayan duk, wadannan biyu monosaccharides chemically - tsarin isomers. Glucose - aldegidospirt, fructose - Cetoalcohol.

Tsari da kuma kaddarorin a yawan carbohydrates monosaccharides suna a hankali nasaba. Bayan duk, saboda gaban aldehyde da ketone kungiyoyin a cikin abun da ke ciki na tsarin da suka kasance a cikin aldehyde da ketonospirtam da kayyade su sinadaran halitta da kuma dauki cikin abin da suka iya shiga.

Saboda haka, glucose farfado da wadannan Properties:

1. The halayen sa ta gaban carbonyl kungiyoyin:

• Hadawan abu da iskar shaka - a dauki "azurfa madubi".
• tare da freshly precipitated hydroxide, jan (II) - aldonic acid.
• Strong oxidants masu iya samar da diacids (aldarovye), ta hanyar mayar ba kawai wani aldehyde amma daya hydroxyl kungiyar.
• Farfadowa da na'ura - An tuba zuwa polyols.

2. A kwayoyin ƙunshi hydroxyl kungiyoyin da cewa nuna tsarin. Da kaddarorin carbohydrates, wanda aka rinjayi ra'ayoyi da data:

• ikon alkylation - samuwar ethers.
• acylation - ulla esters .
• ingantaccen dauki ga jan hydroxide (II).

3. guda musamman Properties na glucose:

• butyric acid.
• barasa.
• lactic fermentation.

Ayyuka a cikin jiki

Tsari da kuma aiki da dama carbohydrates monosaccharides ne a hankali related. Past ne, a sama da dukan, su shiga a biochemical halayen da live kwayoyin. Wace rawa aka buga a cikin wannan monosaccharides?

1. -Akai domin samar da oligo-da polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose da deoxyribose) - mafi muhimmanci kwayoyin da hannu a cikin samuwar ATP, RNA, DNA. Kuma suka, bi da bi, babban kaya na hereditary abu, makamashi da kuma gina jiki.
3. A taro matakan glucose a cikin jini - a ma'aunin gaskiya na osmotic matsa lamba da kuma ta canje-canje.

Oligosaccharides: tsarin

A tsarin da carbohydrate kungiyar an rage wa da ciwon biyu (Diozu) ko uku (triose) monosaccharide kwayoyin a cikin abun da ke ciki. Akwai waɗanda a cikin abin da abun da ke ciki na 4, 5 ko fiye Tsarin (har zuwa 10), amma ya fi kowa ne disaccharides. Wannan shi ne, a cikin hydrolysis da wadannan mahadi decompose ta samar da glucose, fructose, pentoses, da sauransu. Wanne mahadi fada cikin wannan category? A misali - shi sucrose (na kowa kara sugar), lactose (main bangaren na madara), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

A sunadarai tsarin wannan jerin carbohydrates yana da wadannan siffofin:

1. A general dabara daga cikin kwayoyin nau'in: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ Ya _11.
2. Biyu m ko daban-daban monosaccharide saura a disaccharide tsarin ana juna ta hanyar gada glycoside. A yanayi na fili zai dogara ne a kan rage ikon sugar.
3. Rage disaccharide. Carbohydrate tsarin irin wannan ne samuwar wata gada tsakanin glycosidic hydroxyl aldehyde da hydroxyl kungiyoyin na daban-daban kwayoyin na monosaccharides. Wadannan sun hada da maltose, lactose, da sauransu.
4. Nonreducing - wani misali sucrose - a lokacin da gada da aka kafa tsakanin hydroxyl kungiyoyin kawai waɗanda bã sa hannu aldehyde tsarin.

Saboda haka, carbohydrate tsarin za a iya takaita a cikin nau'i na kwayoyin dabara. Idan dole cikakken tsarin tura, to, zai iya wakiltar amfani zana ko Heuorsa Fischer tsinkaya dabarbari. Musamman, biyu cyclic monomers (monosaccharides) ko daban-daban, ko kuma kama (dangane da oligosaccharide) juna ta wani glycosidic gada. Lokacin gina kamata la'akari da maido da ikon yadda ya kamata nuna connection.

Misalan disaccharides kwayoyin

Idan wani aiki ne da daraja a cikin nau'i na: "Ka lura da tsarin fasali na carbohydrate," sa'an nan da disaccharide ne mafi kyau ga farko saka daga abin da ya rage daga monosaccharides shi ne. The fi na kowa iri ne:

• sucrose - gina daga alpha-beta-glucose, kuma fructose.
• maltose - glucose sharan.
• cellobiose - kunshi biyu glucose sharan na beta-D-hakkinSa.
• lactose - galactose + glucose.
• lactulose - galactose + fructose da sauransu.

Sa'an nan, bisa ga samuwa sharan ya zama bayyana daga tsarin dabara sayen magani na glycoside irin gada.

Muhimmanci ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Manya-manyan da kuma rawar da disaccharide, yana da muhimmanci a ba kawai da tsarin. The ayyuka na carbohydrates da fats ne kullum irin wannan. Ya dogara ne a kan samar da makamashi bangaren. Duk da haka, ya kamata nuna su musamman muhimmanci ga wasu mutum disaccharides.

1. Sucrose - babban tushen glucose a cikin jikin mutum.
2. Lactose da aka samu a nono na dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da mace da kuma 8%.
3. Lactulose an samu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da za a yi amfani da likita dalilai, kazalika da kara don samar da kiwo kayayyakin.

Duk wani disaccharide, trisaccharide kuma haka a cikin mutane da sauran halittu shigarsu instantaneous hydrolyzed zuwa monosaccharides. Wannan yanayin ne tushen da yin amfani da wannan aji na carbohydrates wani mutum a cikin raw, sãkẽwa (gwoza ko kara sugar).

Polysaccharides: kwayoyin siffofin

Ayyuka, abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin mai yawan carbohydrates suna da muhimmanci a gare kwayoyin halittu masu rai, kazalika da ayyukan mutane. Da farko, ya kamata ka fahimci irin carbohydrates ne polysaccharides.

Su suna da yawa:

• sitaci.
• glycogen.
• murein.
• glucomannan.
• cellulose.
• dextrin.
• galactomannan.
• muromin.
• pectin;
• amylose.
• chitin.

Wannan ba irga, amma kawai ya fi muhimmanci dabba da shuka iri. Idan ka gudanar da wani aiki "Duba fasali na tsarin mai yawan carbohydrates polysaccharides", abu na farko da ya kamata ka kula da su sarari tsarin. Yana da matukar voluminous, da giant kwayoyin, kunsha na daruruwan monomer raka'a giciye-nasaba glycosidic sinadaran shaidu. Sau da yawa da kwayoyin tsarin polysaccharides carbohydrate ne mai lebur abun da ke ciki.

Akwai wasu rarrabuwa na wadannan kwayoyin.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - kunshi guda maimaita raka'a monosaccharides. Dangane da monosaccharide iya zama hexoses, pentoses, kuma haka a kan (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - kafa ta daban-daban monomer raka'a.

Mahadi da mikakke sarari tsarin da ya kamata a dangana, misali, cellulose. Branched tsarin yana da wani rinjaye na polysaccharides - sitaci, glycogen, chitin da sauransu.

Aikin a jikin halittu masu rai

Tsari da kuma aiki na carbohydrates a cikin wannan kungiyar da kakkarfan dangankata da rãyuwar tãlikai. Alal misali, shuke-shuke a cikin wani gina jiki ajiye tara a sassa daban daban na shoot ko tushen sitaci. Babban tushen samar da makamashi ga dabbobi - kuma polysaccharides, wanda aka kafa ta tsakiyan nonon mata na makamashi mai yawa.

Carbohydrates a cikin cell tsarin wasa mai sosai muhimmiyar rawa. Yana hada da chitin cover na da yawa kwari da crustaceans, murein - cell bango gyara daga kwayoyin cuta, da ɓangaren litattafan almara - tushen shuka.

Tsunduma gina jiki abubuwa na dabba asalin - wani kwayoyin na glycogen, ko kuma kamar yadda aka fi kira, da kitsen dabba ba. Ya adana a sassa na jiki da kuma daukawa ba kawai makamashi, amma kuma wani m aiki da inji tasirin.

Domin mafi kwayoyin da matukar muhimmanci tsarin carbohydrates. Biology of kowace dabba da shuka shi ne irin abin da na bukatar wani m makamashi Madogararsa, inexhaustible. Kuma shi ne kawai zai iya ba su, kuma mafi yawansu duk da shi ne a cikin nau'i na polysaccharides. Saboda haka, cikakken narkewa na 1 g carbohydrate a sakamakon tafiyar matakai na rayuwa take kaiwa zuwa saki 4.1 kcal da makamashi! Wannan shi ne matsakaicin, ba yana da wani daya connection. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa carbohydrates dole ne su kasance ba a cikin abinci na kowane mutum ko dabba. Tsire-tsire kuma kula da kansu, kuma a cikin tsari na photosynthesis suka samar da ciki sitaci da kuma adana shi.

Janar Properties na carbohydrates

A tsarin da fats, sunadaran da carbohydrates a general kama. Bayan duk, su ne duk macromolecules. Har ma da wasu daga cikin ayyuka da na kowa asalin. Ya kamata takaita rawar da muhimmancin carbohydrates a cikin rãyuwar duniya ta biomass.

1. A abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da carbohydrates unsa da amfani da su a matsayin wani gini abu ga harsashi na shuka Kwayoyin, dabba da kwayan membranes kazalika da samuwar kwayuka wasu gabbansa.
2. A m aiki. Halayyar shuka kwayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin samuwar su spines, ƙayayuwa da sauransu.
3. Roba rawa - ilimi shi ne vitally muhimmanci kwayoyin (DNA, RNA, ATP da sauransu).
4. Tsoka mai amsa sigina aiki. Polysaccharides da oligosaccharides - aiki mahalarta kai canja wurin da jikin tantanin, "gadi" kamawa tasiri.
5. Energy mafi muhimmiyar rawa. Yana bayar da iyakar ikon domin duk kwayuka matakai, kazalika da aikin na dukan kwayoyin.
6. A tsari na osmotic matsa lamba - glucosa aikin wannan iko.
7. Wasu polysaccharides ne abinci reserves, lantarkin ga dabba tãlikai.

Saboda haka, shi ne bayyananne cewa tsarin fats, sunadaran da carbohydrates, su aiki da kuma rawar a jikin rayayyun tsarin ne da muhimmanci da kuma hukunci muhimmancin. Wadannan kwayoyin - halittawa na rayuwa, su kuma adana da kuma kula da shi.

Carbohydrates da sauran macromolecular mahadi

Kuma aka sani ne da rawar da carbohydrates ba a cikin tsarki tsari, da kuma a hade tare da sauran kwayoyin. Wadannan sun hada da, irin da ya fi na kowa, kamar:

• glycosaminoglycans ko mucopolysaccharides.
• glycoproteins.

Tsari da kuma kaddarorin carbohydrates na da irin wannan shi ne wajen da rikitarwa saboda hadaddun suna da alaka da dama aikin kungiyoyin. Babban muhimmancin da irin wannan kwayoyin - da hannu a dama rayuwa tafiyar matakai na kwayoyin. Wakilai ne: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan, keratan sulfate, da sauransu.

Akwai ma polysaccharides gidaje da sauran ilimin aiki kwayoyin. Alal misali, lipopolysaccharides ko glycoproteins. Su zama da muhimmanci a cikin samuwar na immunological halayen na jiki, kamar yadda su ne kashi na sel na lymphatic tsarin.