Kwarangwal dabbobi: general halaye da kuma hotuna

A kwarangwal na dabbobi daban daban bambanta da juna. Su tsarin dogara a kan mazauninsu da hanyar rayuwa na wani musamman kwayoyin. Menene kowa a dabba kwarangwal? Mene ne bambance-bambance? Abin da ke bambanta da mutum kwarangwal a kan tsarin da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa?

Kwarangwal - wani goyan baya na jiki

M, kuma m tsarin kasusuwa, guringuntsi, kuma jijiyoyin a cikin mutane da dabbobi jiki ne da ake kira kwarangwal. Tare da tsokoki da kuma tendons shi Forms musculoskeletal tsarin da abin da dabba iya matsar a cikin sarari.

Mafi yawa da shi ya shafi cikin kashi da guringuntsi. A mafi part su suna da alaka da m gidajen abinci da kuma tendons ta samar da wata mai jiwuwa dukan. M "frame" na jiki ba ko da yaushe kunshi kashi da guringuntsi nama, wani lokacin shi Forms chitin, keratin, ko ma farar ƙasa.

Amazing sashi na jiki ne da ƙasũsuwa. Su ne sosai m, kuma m, iya yin tsayayya da babbar lodi, amma a lokaci guda zama haske. A wani matashi jiki ƙasũsuwa na roba da kuma a kan lokaci zama mafi m da kuma gaggautsa.

Kwarangwal dabbobi ne wani nau'i ne na "ma'ajiyar kayan abinci" ma'adanai. Idan ya bazu a jiki da rashin su, da ma'auni na bukata abubuwa ne bayansa daga ƙasũsuwa. Kasusuwa an hada da ruwa, mai, Organic abubuwa (polysaccharides, collagen), da alli salts, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium. A daidai sinadaran abun da ke ciki ya dogara da ikon wani musamman kwayoyin.

Ma'ana kwarangwal

A jikin mutane da dabbobi - shi ne wani harsashi, a ciki na wanda kayan ciki suna located. A siffar da wannan harsashi bada kwarangwal. Tsokoki da kuma tendons suna a haɗe kai tsaye zuwa da shi, yankan, suka lankwasa da gidajen abinci, wajen yin motsi. Saboda haka, za mu iya tada kafa, ku jũyar da kai, zauna up ko rike wani abu da hannu.

Bugu da kari, skeletons na dabbobi da mutane da aka kiyaye shi ta taushi nama da kuma gabobin. Alal misali, hakarkarinsa aka boye a karkashin cikin huhu da zuciya, rufe su daga shanyewar jiki (mana, idan ma m naushe). Kwanyar hana lalacewar wajen m kwakwalwa.

Wasu daga cikin ƙasusuwansa dauke da daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci gabobin - bargo. A cikin mutane, shi ne da hannu a aiwatar da hematopoiesis, forming ja jini Kwayoyin. Yana kuma siffofin da farin jini Kwayoyin - farin jini Kwayoyin da suke da alhakin jiki ta rigakafi.

Yadda da kuma lokacin da kwarangwal samo asali?

Kwarangwal dabbobi, da dukan musculoskeletal tsarin fito ta hanyar juyin halitta. Bisa ga misali version, na farko kwayoyin bayyana a Duniya, ya ba da irin wannan hadadden na'urorin. Na dogon lokaci a wannan duniyar tamu wanzu amebic taushi-bodied tãlikai.

Sa'an nan, a cikin yanayi da kuma hydrosphere na duniya da aka goma sau kasa oxygen. A wani lokaci, da rabo daga gas fara kara, yanã tafiya da gaggãwa kamar yadda masana kimiyya ya ɗauka, da sarkar dauki na canje-canje. Alal misali, a cikin ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na teku ya kara adadin calcite da aragonite. Su, bi da bi, tara a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, forming wani m kuma na roba Tsarin.

A farkon kwayoyin cewa da kwarangwal din da aka samu a strata na farar ƙasa kankara a Namibia, Siberia, Spain da kuma sauran wurare. Su zaune tekuna game da 560 miliyan shekaru da suka wuce. Kwayoyin a cikin tsarin kama Sponges da Silinda-kamar jiki. Ana tattara radially daga dogon bim (40 cm) na alli carbonate, wanda taka rawar da kwarangwal.

irin skeletons

A dabba duniya, akwai iri uku skeletons: matsanancin, ciki da kuma ruwa. External ko exoskeleton ba a ɓõye, a karkashin wata cover fata, ko wasu kyallen takarda, da kuma gaba daya, ko partially rufe waje na dabba jiki. A wasu dabbobi exoskeleton? Suke mallaka arachnids, kwari, crustaceans, da kuma wasu vertabrate.

Kamar makamai, shi aikin yafi wani m aiki, amma za a iya wani lokacin zama a matsayin Haven ga rai jiki (kunkuru harsashi ko katantanwa). Wannan kwarangwal yana da wani gagarumin drawback. Ya ba girma tare da mai shi, yin dabba da aka tilasta lokaci zuwa lokaci, sake saita shi da girma a sabon murfin. A wani lokaci a jiki aka hana daga cikin saba kariya da kuma zama m.

Endoskeleton - shi ne wani ciki kwarangwal dabbobi. Ya aka rufe da nama da kuma fata. Shi yana da mafi sophisticated zane, mahara ayyuka da kuma tsiro lokaci guda tare da dukan kwayoyin. Endoskeleton ne zuwa kashi a shaft rabo (kashin baya, kwanyar, haƙarƙari keji) da kuma ƙarin ko na gefe (gabar jiki da kuma kasusuwa bel).

Liquid ko hydrostatic kwarangwal kẽwayãwa kalla. Su mallaki jellyfish, tsutsotsi, teku anemones da t. D. Yana da wani murdede bango, ya cika da ruwa. Bewafa matsa lamba kula da siffar jiki. Lokacin da tsoka ƙanƙancewa matsa lamba dabam, sakamakon motsi na jiki.

A wasu dabbobi ba su da wani kwarangwal?

A cikin saba ji daga cikin kwarangwal - shi ne wani ciki jiki frame, a sa na ƙasũsuwa da, guringuntsi cewa, samar da kwanyar, wata gabar jiki, kashin baya. Duk da haka, akwai wani yawan kwayoyin da cewa ba su mallaka wadannan sassa, wasu daga cikinsu ba su ma suna da wani siffar. Amma ma'anar wannan cewa ba su da wani kwarangwal a duk?

Zhan Batist Lamark ya taba sõyayya a tsakãninsu a cikin wani babban rukuni na kwaro, amma baya daga rashin kashin baya, wadannan dabbobi ba wani abu ba a na kowa. Yana yanzu, aka sani cewa ko da guda-celled kwayoyin da kwarangwal.

Alal misali, radiolarians shi kunshi chitin, silica ko strontium sulfate da kuma adana a ciki da cell. A murjani kwarangwal na iya zama hydrostatic, ciki ko waje da furotin da farar ƙasa. A tsutsotsi, jellyfish da kuma wasu Shellfish ya hydrostatic.

A yawan Shellfish kwarangwal da matsanancin harsashi yana da wani nau'i. Daban-daban na da tsarin shi ne daban-daban. Yawanci, ya qunshi uku yadudduka hada da gina jiki conchiolin da alli carbonate. Sinks ne bivalves (mussels, oysters) kuma gungura da swirls da kuma wani lokacin carbonate needles, da ƙayayuwa.

arthropoda

arthropod rubuta ma tana nufin kwaro. Wannan shi ne mafi yawa rukuni na dabbobi, wanda integrates crustaceans, arachnids, kwari, millipedes. Jikinsu yana tsakaitã, yana da wani biyu daga kafafu da kuma ne zuwa kashi segments.

Bisa ga tsarin da dabba kwarangwal - a waje. Yana maida hankali ne akan dukan jiki a matsayin cuticle dauke da chitin. A cuticle ne mai wuya harsashi, abin da na tsare kowane sashi dabba. Ta m yankuna sclerites mafi juna m, kuma m membrane.

A kwari cuticle ne sturdy da kuma m, kunshi uku yadudduka. A surface shi Forms hairs (Heta), da zangarniya, bristles da daban-daban protuberances. A arachnids cuticle ne in mun gwada bakin ciki da kuma daukar wani fata Layer da wani muhimmi membrane. Bugu da kari to kariya, shi kare dabbobi da danshi hasara.

A ƙasar crabs da woodlice babu waje mai yawa Layer cewa rike danshi a cikin jiki. Daga bushewa kubutar da su ne kawai hanyar rayuwa - dabbobi ne kullum jihãdi ga wuraren da high zafi.

kwarangwal chordates

Tsirkiya - wani ciki axial kwarangwal samuwar, kashi tsaye igiyar jiki firam. Ba a chordates, wanda sun kai fiye da 40 000 jinsunan. Wadannan sun hada da kwaro, da wanda tsirkiya ne ba a wani lokaci na tsarin rayuwarsa.

A cikin ƙananan kungiya (Amphioxus, cyclostomes da kuma wasu jinsunan kifaye) notochord ci gaba cikin rayuwa. A Amphioxus shi ne tsakanin Gut da kuma na tsarin jijiya tube. Ya kunshi da mai gangara tsoka faranti, wanda aka kewaye da wani harsashi da alaka da juna appendages. Ƙulla da m, yana aiki kamar hydrostatic kwarangwal.

A cyclostomes tsirkiya mafi m, kuma yana da farkon na vertebrae. Sun sa su guda biyu wata gabar jiki, jaws. A kwarangwal ne kafa ta ne kawai da connective nama da kuma guringuntsi. Daga gare su, da kuma kafa kwanyar, filafilin kifi haskoki da openwork raga gills dabba. Harshe cyclostomes ma yana da wani kwarangwal a saman jiki ne da hakori, wanda perforate dabba samar.

vertabrate

A cikin mafi girman wakilan tsirkiya axial tufka jũya a cikin kashin baya - hali kashi na ciki kwarangwal. Yana da wani m iyakacin duniya, kunsha na wani kashi (vertebrae), wanda an haɗa ka da fayafai kuma cartilages. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne raba cikin sassan.

Tsarin kwarangwal vertabrate da yawa wuya kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsirkiya, haka ma, wani invertebrate. Domin duk mambobi ne na kungiyar halin da gaban da ciki firam. Tare da ci gaba da juyayi tsarin da kwakwalwa da aka kafa fitar kasusuwan jikinsu ragargaje. Da kuma bayyanar da kashin baya ga samar da mafi kyau kariya ga laka da kuma jijiyoyi.

Rabu da kashin baya guda biyu kuma unpaired extremities. Unpaired wakiltar wutsiyoyi da ƙege, da su guda biyu ya kasu kashi bel (saman da kasa) da kuma kwarangwal na free wata gabar jiki (ƙege ko biyar-fingered wata gabar jiki).

kifi

Wadannan vertebrate kwarangwal kunshi biyu sassan: gangar jikin da wutsiya. Sharks, haskoki da chimeras ba su da ƙasũsuwa. Su kwarangwal ne Ya sanya daga m guringuntsi, wadda daga ƙarshe ta tara farar ƙasa kuma zama firmer.

Sauran kifi kashi kwarangwal. Guringuntsi interlayer dake tsakanin vertebrae. A gaban su tashi daga gefen rassan, wucewa cikin hakarkarinsa. Kifi kwanyar, sabanin terrestrial dabbobi, yana da fiye da arba'in m abubuwa.

Makogwaro rabin zoɓe kewaye 3 zuwa 7 gill arches, wanda ake dake tsakanin gill slits. A waje suka samar da gills. Bã su da dukan kifaye, daya kawai nau'i na guringuntsi nama, yayin da wasu - kashi.

Rabu da kashin baya na radius daga cikin ƙege da alaka da membrane. Guda biyu fins - pectoral da pelvic, unpaired - tsuliya, dorsal, caudal. Da lambar kuma irin bambanta.

Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe

Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa bayyana mahaifa da sacral yankuna, wanda Range daga 7 zuwa 200 vertebrae. Sashe na daga halittar dabba mai kafafuwa yana da caudal yankin, wasu daga cikin wutsiya a can, amma sun sa su guda biyu gabar jiki. Su matsar da tsalle, don haka da Hind kafafu mika.

A tailless jinsunan ba hakarkarinsa. Motsi da shugaban samar da wani mahaifa vertebra, wanda aka a haɗe da baya daga shugaban. A cikin thoracic kashin baya bayyana ruwa, karankarma, kafadu, forearms da hannuwanku. A sashen na da pelvic iliac, pubic da ischial kashi. Kuma da Hind wata gabar jiki da drumstick, da cinya, da ƙafa.

Kwarangwal na dabbobi masu rarrafe, ma, yana da wadannan sassa, complicating biyar kashin baya - lumbar. Suna da tsakanin 50 da 435 vertebrae. Kwanyar mafi ossified. Caudal sashe ne dole ba, ta vertebrae an rage ga ƙarshe.

Kunkuru da wani exoskeleton a cikin wani nau'i na m harsashi sanya na keratin da kuma na ciki Layer na kashi. Jaws kunkuru bã tãre da hakora. Macizai ba su da sternum, kafada da pelvic abin ɗamara, da kuma gefuna suna da alaka fadin tsawon na kashin baya, baya daga caudal yankin. Su jaws suna da alaka ne sosai mobile, hadiye manyan ganima.

tsuntsãye

Musamman tsuntsaye kwarangwal ne sun fi mayar saboda su ikon tashi a cikin wasu jinsunan da daidaita da wa a guje, ruwa, da hawa kan rassan kuma a tsaye saman. A cikin tsuntsaye, biyar daga cikin kashin baya. Sashe na daga cikin mahaifa kashin baya suna da alaka flexibly, a cikin wasu sassa na kashin baya sukan Fused.

Ƙasusuwansu ne haske da wasu suna partially cika da iska. Neck elongated tsuntsãye (10-15 vertebrae). Su kwanyar cikakke, ba tare da seams, a gaban wani baki. A siffar da kuma tsawon na baki ne sosai daban-daban da kuma suna da alaka da aiwatar da abincin dabbobi.

Babban na'urar ga jirgin ne keel. Wannan fitar kasusuwan jikinsu outgrowth a kasa na sternum, wanda aka haɗe zuwa pectoral tsoka. Kiel ci gaba a yawo tsuntsaye da penguins. A tsarin kwarangwal na vertebrate hade da gudu ko digging (ɓeraye da jemagu), shi ne kuma yanzu. Ya ba mai jimina mujiya aku.

A gaban wata gabar jiki na tsuntsaye - fuka-fuki. Sun kunshi na lokacin farin ciki da kuma karfi humerus, da gwiwar hannu lankwasa da kuma bakin ciki katako. A goga wasu kasusuwa Fused tare. All fãce Jiminai, pelvic pubic kasusuwa ne ba Fused tare da juna. Tun da tsuntsaye na iya sa manyan qwai.

dabbobi masu shayarwa

Yanzu akwai game da 5500 jinsunan dabbobi masu shayarwa, da suka hada da mutane. All mambobi ne na aji ciki kwarangwal ne zuwa kashi biyar sassan da kuma ya hada da kwanyar, kashin baya, kirji, kugu manya da ƙananan extremities. A armadillos da wani exoskeleton a matsayin harsashi da dama allon.

Kwanyar dabbobi masu shayarwa ya fi girma, akwai cheekbone, secondary fitar kasusuwan jikinsu palate da wani tururi drum kashi, wanda ba ya wanzu a wasu dabbobi. Upper bel zai fi dacewa qunshi paddles, clavicle, kafada, wuyan hannu da hannu da dantse (daga wuyan hannu, metacarpal, phalanges na yatsunsu tare). Ƙananan zone kunshi cinya, shin, ƙafa da kasusuwa bakwai cikin kafa, yatsun kafa da yatsun kafa. A mafi girma da bambance-bambance a cikin aji ne a bayyane a abin ɗamararsa.

Dogs, da dawakai ba ruwan wukake da kuma collarbones. Muke rufẽwa a kan femoral da humeral sashen da aka boye a cikin jiki, da kuma biyar-fingered wata gabar jiki suna da alaka da wani membrane da kamar flippers. Bats tashi kamar tsuntsaye. Yatsunsu (sai dai daya) ƙwarai mika da kuma haɗa daga fata membrane, forming wani reshe.

Mene ne daban-daban game da mutum?

Human kwarangwal yana da guda ƙungiyoyinsu, yadda sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bisa ga tsarin shi ne mafi kama da cewa na chimpanzee. Amma, sabanin su, mutum kafafu ne tsawon yawa makamai. Dukan jiki ne daidaitacce tsaye, shugaban sandunansu fita gaba, a cikin dabbobi.

A rabo a cikin tsarin da kwanyar fi yawa da cewa na birai. Muƙamuƙi na'ura, conversely, karami, kuma ya fi guntu hakora an rage, da hakora an rufe tare da wani m enamel. Mutumin yana da wani Chin, taso keya kwanyar, yana da wani m Brow.

Ba mu da wani wutsiya. Ya rudimentary version gabatar 4-5 coccyx vertebrae. Ba kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, da thorax ba mĩƙe a kan bangarorin biyu, da kuma fadada. A thumb aka yi tsayayya da zuwa sauran goga slidably haɗa zuwa wuyan hannu.