Polymorphism - abin da yake da shi? kwayoyin polymorphism

Halitta polymorphism - wani yanayin a cikin abin da akwai dogon iri-iri na kwayoyin halitta, amma da mita daga cikin mafi wuya faruwa gene a da mutane fiye da kashi daya. Rike shi ne saboda da m maye gurbi kwayoyin halitta, kazalika da m recombination. Kamar yadda bincike, da masana kimiyya suka gudanar da kwayoyin polymorphism ne tartsatsi, saboda gene haduwa iya zama da dama miliyan.

manyan wadata

Daga mai manyan samar da polymorphism shi ya dogara da mafi kyau karbuwa na yawan zuwa sabon yanayi, da kuma a cikin wannan yanayin, da ci gaba ne da yawa sauri. An kima na jimlar yawan polymorphic alleles amfani da na gargajiya kayyade hanyoyin, akwai wani m yiwuwar. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kasancewar wani musamman gene a genotype ne da za'ayi ta tsallaka mutane da suke da daban-daban phenotypic halaye ayyana genome. Idan ka san yadda da yawa daga wani yawan dauki mutane da daban-daban phenotypes, shi ya zama mai yiwuwa ga kafa adadin alleles da shafi samuwar wani hali.

Ta yaya shi duka ya fara?

Auren fara yabanya a 60-ies karni na karshe, shi ne to cewa ya fara da za a yi amfani da electrophoresis sunadarai ko enzymes a cikin gel, wanda a yarda da mu domin sanin kwayoyin polymorphism. Menene wannan hanya? Shi ne ta hanyar shi sa na motsi da sunadarai a wani lantarki filin, wanda ya dogara a kan size of hawa gina jiki, ta sanyi, da kuma net cajin a cikin sashe daban-daban na gel. Sa'an nan, dangane da wuri da kuma yawan spots cewa ya bayyana kwashe ƙayyade ganewa abu. Don kimanta da furotin polymorphism a wata alƙarya, shi wajibi ne, don su bincika game da 20 ko fiye loci. Sa'an nan kuma, yin amfani da wani ilmin lissafi Hanyar ne m da yawan alleles, da rabo daga homo- da heterozygotes. A cewar nazarin, wasu kwayoyin halittu na iya zama monomorphic, da sauransu - musamman polymorphous.

iri polymorphism

A ra'ayi na polymorphism ne musamman m, shi ya hada tsaka da kuma daidaita version. Ya dogara da darajar da zabe gene da kuma zabin halitta ', inda ya sanya matsin lamba a kan yawan jama'a. Bugu da kari, zai iya zama wani gene da kuma wani chromosome.

Gene da chromosomal polymorphism

Gene polymorphism da aka gabatar a cikin jiki alleles na fiye da daya Firayim misali na wannan na iya zama jini. Chromosomal wakiltar da bambance-bambance a cikin chromosomes cewa ya auku saboda aberrations. A heterochromatin yankuna akwai bambance-bambance. A cikin rashi na Pathology da take kaiwa zuwa rushewa ko lalata irin maye gurbi ne tsaka tsaki.

mi polymorphism

Rikidar polymorphism faruwa a lokacin da wata alƙarya ne mai maye allele, wanda da zarar ya saba, wani da yake bayar da ta wearer mafi girma adaptability (wanda kuma ake kira mahara allelism). Lokacin da iri-iri ne directed motsa a cikin yawan genotypes, shi ya auku saboda juyin halitta, kuma ta kuzarin kawo cikas ne da za'ayi. The sabon abu na masana'antu kayan aiki na iya zama mai kyau misali, wanda faye hali tsaka polymorphism. Mẽne ne ya nuna wani sauki malam cewa tare da ci gaba da masana'antu ta canja fari fuka-fuki a duhu. Wannan sabon abu fara da za a lura a Ingila, inda fiye da 80 jinsin malam ikonsa ya asu kodadde cream launi ya zama duhu, a karon farko lura bayan 1848 a Manchester dangane da m ci gaba da masana'antu. Tuni a 1895, fiye da 95% na 'ya'yan fari mãsu sun samu wani duhu launi da fuka-fuki. Irin wannan canje-canje suna da alaka da gaskiyar cewa bishiya ya zama mafi hayaki da kuma haske malam sauki ganima da blackbirds robin. Canje-canje da suka faru a kudi na mutant alleles melanistic.

daidaita polymorphism

Kalmar "polymorphism daidaita" characterizes babu wani lamba shift rabo daga cikin daban-daban siffofin a wani yawan genotypes cewa ne barga a cikin yanayi na mazauninsu. Wannan yana nufin cewa daga tsara zuwa tsara rabo kasance iri guda amma iya bambanta dan kadan a cikin wani da aka ba darajar, wanda shi ne m. A kwatanta da miƙa mulki, da daidaita polymorphism - abin da yake da shi? Shĩ ne da farko a tsaye tsarin juyin halitta. I. I. Shmalgauzen a 1940 ya ba shi sunan ma'auni heteromorphism.

MISALI daidaita polymorphism

A misali mai kyau na daidaita polymorphism iya zama gaban wadannan jinsuna biyu a yawa monogamous dabbobi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa suna da wani m zabe abũbuwan amfãni. A rabo daga gare su a cikin guda yawan yaushe daidai. Idan akwai wani yawan polygamy zabe rabo na biyu mata da maza iya sosai, wanda idan da wakilan da jinsi daya na iya zama ko dai gaba daya hallaka ko cire daga haifuwa zuwa mafi girma har fiye da akasin jima'i.

Wani misali zai zama jini kungiyoyin na AB0 tsarin. A wannan yanayin, da mita daga cikin daban-daban genotypes a daban-daban alƙarya iya zama daban-daban, amma a kan wani par da cewa daga tsara zuwa tsara, shi ba ya canja da daidaito. Kawai sa, babu genotype yana da wani zabe amfani a kan sauran. Bisa kididdigar da, mutanen da suka yi na farko rukuni na jini da hakan rayuwar jama'a fiye da sauran karfi jima'i da sauran jini kungiyoyin. Kan daidai da wannan, hadarin peptic miki cutar 12 duodenal miki a gaban na farko da kungiyar a sama, amma shi za a iya perforated, kuma shi zai zama sanadin mutuwar a cikin hali na marigayi taimaka.

kwayoyin ma'auni

Wannan embrittlement iya keta a cikin yawan a sakamakon maye gurbi tasowa spontaneously, ta haka ne ya kamata su zama wani takamaiman ɓangare kuma a kowane tsara. Nazarin ya nuna cewa polymorphisms kwayoyin halitta na hemostatic tsarin, dikodi mai wanda ya ba su fahimci tsarin juyin halitta na taimaka wa wadannan canje-canje ko, conversely, ya hana muhimmiyar. Idan muka bi hanya na mutant tsari a cikin wani da aka ba yawan, shi ne kuma zai yiwu ya yi hukunci da darajar for karbuwa. Yana iya zama daidai ga daya idan maye gurbi a zabin aiwatar Ba a cire, da kuma cikas ga ta baza a can.

Mafi yawan lokuta nuna cewa, darajar kasa da daya gene, da kuma a yanayin saukan gazawar da rikidaddu haifa a duk da ya je saukar zuwa 0. Maye gurbi na wannan irin aka facce ajiye a aiwatar da zabin yanayi, amma wannan ba ya ware da maimaita canje-canje na wannan gene cewa Rama domin kawar da wanda aka za'ayi da selection. Sa'an nan da ma'auni ne kai, da mutated genes na iya faruwa, ko, conversely, to bace. Wannan tsari take kaiwa zuwa sikẽli madaidaici.

An misali da cewa za a iya fili fahince abin da ke faruwa, - sickle cell anemia. A wannan yanayin, da rinjaye mutated gene a homozygous jihar na taimaka wa wani wuri mutuwa da kwayoyin. Heterozygous kwayoyin tsira, amma su ne mafi saukin kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Daidaita gene polymorphism sickle cell anemia za a iya gani a fagen yaduwar wurare masu zafi da cututtuka. A irin wannan yawan homozygotes (mutane da irin wannan kwayoyin halittu) an shafe ta, tare da m selection a cikin ni'imar heterozygotes (kifi da daban-daban genes). Saboda zabin da abin da ke faruwa da bambanci a gene pool na yawan faruwa a kula a kowane zamani na genotypes, wanda samar da mafi adaptability da kwayoyin zuwa mazauninsu yanayi. Tare da gaban na sickle cell-anemia gene a mutum daga alƙarya, akwai wasu nau'in kwayoyin halitta characterizing a polymorphism. Abin da ya bada? Amsar wannan tambaya zai zama sabon abu na heterosis.

Heterozygous maye gurbi da polymorphisms

Heterozygous polymorphism samar da wani phenotypic canje-canje, a gaban wata recessive maye gurbi, ko da sun kasance cutarwa. Amma a kan wani par tare da cewa za su tara a cikin yawan zuwa high matakan da za su iya ƙetare cutarwa rinjaye maye gurbi.

Ba tare da qua ba na tsarin juyin halitta

A tsarin juyin halitta ne m, kuma ta yanayin dole ne polymorphism. Mene ne shi - ya bayyana m adaptability sãɓãwar launukansa alƙarya zuwa ga yanayi. Hetero kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin wannan kungiyar iya zama a cikin heterozygous jihar da kuma wuce a daga tsara zuwa tsara shekaru da yawa. A wani par da phenotypic magana daga cikinsu ba zai iya zama - a kudi na sararin ajiye kayyade canzawa.

fibrinogen gene

A mafi yawan lokuta, da masu bincike bi fibrinogen gene polymorphism a matsayin kafin yanayin domin cin gaban ischemic bugun jini. Amma a lokacin da fore wani batun a cikin abin da kwayoyin da ya samu dalilai iya exert su da tasiri a kan ci gaban da cutar. Wannan irin bugun jini tasowa saboda thrombosis na cerebral arteries, kuma ta nazarin gene polymorphism na fibrinogen, za a iya fahimta da yawa daga cikin matakai da shafi cewa rashin lafiya za a iya hana. Da suka shafi kwayoyin bambancin da jini biochemical sigogi a halin yanzu talauci gane da masana kimiyya. Bugu da ari nazarin zai tasiri cikin shakka daga cikin cuta, canza tafarkinsa ko kawai dõmin ya yi gargaɗi da shi a wani wuri mataki na ci gaba.