Podkopaev, MI Tsari kungiyar Muryar Features

MI Podkopaev

Voronezh Jihar Academy of Arts

Tsarin kungiyar Muryar Features

(Podkopaev, MI System kungiyar na vocal aiki // Tambayoyi vocal Ilimi: Shawarwari don malaman mafi girma da sakandare na musamman makarantun Moscow - St. Petersburg, 2003. - S. 80 - 88).

Daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka da kuma ban mamaki cewa halitta baiwa mutumin ne audible magana, musamman, ta tsari na musamman - tsarkakewa ko vocal magana (ajalin amfani da lokacin da aka ɗõra sabon abu ne dauke daga mahangar Physiology ko acoustics).

An sani cewa murya aiki, kafa wani sauti bangaren na vocal magana, yana da wani takamaiman ilimin Halittar Jiki Gabar tsarin, wanda a cikin m ji za a iya kira gabobin da phonation. Domin wannan aiki wani mutum yana amfani da wani numfashi, hadiya, watau, Hukumomin farko nufi don fifiko kuma mafi muhimmanci a cikin nazarin halittu darajar da aiki; phonation sunã bauta wa, kamar yadda idan da hatsari. A hade da wadannan jikuna na dogon lokaci da ake kira vocal na'ura. Last ga singer ba kawai wani da makami na masu sana'a aiki, amma kuma abu na kai tsaye pedagogical tasiri a kan aiwatar da vocal horo. Yau 'yan jãyayya a cikin taƙaitaccen labari cewa sanin ka'idojin muhimmi cikin ayyukan da vocal na'ura, shi ne daya daga cikin zama dole yanayi na cin nasara aiki a kan halittarsa. A.Varlamov har yanzu a cikin "School of Singing" (1840) ya rubuta cewa: "Domin zo a horo mai tsarkakewa ba a sume, dole ne ka kafa shi kan wani cikakken sani na numfashi da kuma vocal inji da kuma zana ainihin dokoki na Physiology har yanzu a jikinsu."

Yawancin lokaci, kwayoyin da physiological Ganin cewa na vocal na'ura, da mawaƙa, dalibai sama a matsayin wani ɓangare na pedagogical sake zagayowar na asali tarbiyya - a hanya na vocal dabara. A cikin gajeren lokaci da majalisa ta zauna shirin, dalibai dole ne samu da kuma assimilate mai yawa bayyananniya daga Anatomy, Physiology, acoustics da kuma samun wani ra'ayin da tsarin da kuma alamu na ayyuka na vocal na'ura. A daidai wannan lokaci, da inganci na wannan ilimi dole ne su kasance daidai da manufofin samuwar wani ilimi da kuma m sana'a, musamman idan singer ta haɗu da aiki tare pedagogy. Bisa al'ada, da nazarin wannan sashe na manhaja da aka gina ta fuskar gargajiya (sashin jiki) Physiology, dogaro a kan tsarin da kuma hikimar tantance m. Tare da wuri jikin mutum ya al'ada aka kyan gani, kamar yadda wani tarin daban-daban jikinsu, a hade na tsarin jijiya da kuma humoral (hormonal) tsari. Duk wani littattafai a fannin Anatomy, Physiology, da dai sauransu gina a kan manufa da sashin jiki, da kuma hada da sassan a kan mutum daga ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin - wato, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, na numfashi, murdede, endocrine, da dai sauransu Bayan wannan kama, tun lokacin M.Garsia vocal na'ura aka dauke su kunshi wadannan aka gyara: "janareta" na sauti - laryngeal taye-baya (resonator) na - na pharynx, hanci kogo da paranasal sinuses, da "makamashi" da na'urar - da trachea, bronchi, huhu , na numfashi tsokoki, da sanarwa akan abinda gabobin - bakinka. harshe, hakora, lebe, wuya da kuma taushi palate. A wannan yanayin, shi ya furta cewa, "duk da sassa da ayyuka na kungiyar ne juna da kuma kayyade ta tsakiya m tsarin" (nakalto a. Dmitriev LB, Telelyaeva LM, SL, da dai sauransu Taptapova phoniatrics da fonopediya .. - M., 1990 P.20) .. Amma abin da unites waɗannan jikuna ba su da phonational bayani dalla-dalla da kuma na zuwa daban-daban ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin, Hadakar a cikin kungiyar, abin da suke da sunadaran da irin wannan jam'iyya da kuma tabbatar da mutunci da aiki na vocal na'ura? Organic da kuma tsarin m amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi ya aikata ba. A wannan mahallin, aikace-aikace na wannan hanya wajen nazarin murya (vocal) aiki ne mai iyaka kuma da ɗan saba ga wani dalili da alaka da a wannan yanayin iyakance samuwar dalibai gabatar da wani jiwuwa kungiyar na vocal na'ura.

A tushen sabon tsarin kula da fahimtar da physiological ayyuka na tsara tsari m, kamar yadda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tartsatsi da amfani a hanya na kimiyya. A Physiology na tsanaki m bisa ka'idar aikin tsarin (a kan TPS) ɓullo da almajiri IP Pavlova - Academician PK Anokhin kuma samu wani zamani ci gaba a cikin ayyukan riga ya almajiri - Academician KV Sudakova.

Kamar yadda wani pedagogical gwaji a cikin vocal sashen na Voronezh Jihar Academy of Arts da marubucin wannan aikin an yi yunkurin gabatar da abubuwa na TPS matsayin methodological Dalili na koyar da vocal dabara da tsarin m. Babban burin a cikin wannan aiki ya ilimintar da dalibi m tunani, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci siffofin waxanda suke da tsari.

A cikin wannan takarda mun takura da kanmu ga zana a general sharuddan da kwarewa da ake ji da asali guzuri na TPS tsarin ga nazarin ka'idojin kungiyar na murya (vocal) aikin mutumin.

Maimakon gargajiya Physiology na gabobin, wadannan ka'idojin haltta), TPS shelanta tsari kungiyar ayyuka. PKAnohin farko kusantar da hankali ga gaskiya cewa tsarin da masu rai, ba kawai tsara da mutum abubuwa kunshe ne a cikin su, da kuma hada su domin ya sami wasu kankare sakamakon ayyukan, wato a gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka. Saboda haka, irin wannan tsarin da ake kira aikin. A cewar Anokhin, da tsarin a cikin Physiology na wani sa na jikin hade takamaiman aiki. Saboda haka, sakamakon ayyukan shirya tsarin hadawa mutum sassa a cikin dukan, kuma aka ta haka ne manyan tsatso factor. Shi ne don cimma wani sakamakon kara aikin tsarin (FS).

Muryar aiki, kamar duk sauran mutum ayyuka, ta dogara ne a kan wani tsari kungiyar. A farko matsayi na fassarar da tsari kungiyar na murya ayyuka da muke amfani da manyan ka'idodi na TPS. Da yake ga kowa da kowa da fayil tsarin na jiki, su ne hankula ga FS phonation da vocal magana. A general, da abun ciki na manyan ka'idodi na TPS rage zuwa da wadannan. Organization dukkan FS kwayoyin yana da guda irin tsarin, wanda shine na hali na FS phonation. Wannan tsarin ya hada da wani tsakiyar kumburi da kuma na gefe aka gyara da kuma shirye-shirye:

Ÿ sakamakon da aiki a matsayin manyan FS mahada (ta "katin") - da wani abu ga wanda ya halitta FS.

Ÿ naúrar-karbar Properties (sigogi) na cimma sakamakon aiki - rabe sakamakon.

Ÿ feedback tashoshi da cewa aika da bayanai zuwa tsakiya m tsarin game da sakamakon da yi da sigogi na wannan sakamakon, da sa jiki a matsayin dukan tantance mataki na nasara da kuma ingancin da ya aikata.

Ÿ tsakiyar mahada FS, kyale ta hadewa aiki da kuma wakiltar jam'iyya na abubuwa na daban-daban matakan da tsakiya m tsarin.

Ÿ FS zartarwa sunadaran.

Da farko sakamakon da aiki a matsayin factor wanda FS phonation da vocal magana ne da samuwar da murya hanyar da Ft Irfan sigina, abin da hidima a matsayin tushen riga for karshen yi - mutum mai tsarkakewa sautin phonemes sung kalma, kalmar. Kamar yadda prefinite, da karshen sakamakon FS ayyuka da yawan m canji, watau, ne mnogoparametrichnymi. Wasu daga cikin su kawo bayani game da tsarin da Ft Irfan murya (Ft Irfan sigogi) - tsawo, ikon na abun da ke ciki (gaban ko babu wani high da / ko low tsarkakewa formant, da dai sauransu). Sauran sigogi hada da bayanai game da phonemic sauti tsarin - artikulyayurnye (ko kinesthetic) sigogi. Yin hankali da alaka da Ft Irfan sigogi, da karshen damar rarrabe kuma bayyana wuri kuma Hanyar sauti ilimi, watau tabbatas da halaye na pronunciation na vowels da kuma baƙaƙe.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa sakamakon da sigogi bambanta ba kawai tsakanin murya da tsarkakewa da murya, amma kuma a cikin daban-daban vocal nau'o'i - ilimi tsarkakewa, pop tsarkakewa, jama'a tsarkakewa, da dai sauransu All sigogi aka ƙaddara da sakamakon da ayyukan physiological da biophysical matakai cewa tabbatar da nasara, wato: 1) phonation, wanda ya samar da tsara murya kuma ta daidai Ft Irfan tsarin, da kuma 2) sanarwa akan abinda, wanda ya samar da ilimi da kuma a ma'ana magana sauti phonemic sauti tsarin. Haka shirya da kuma biyu aikin subsystems - FS FS phonation da sanarwa akan abinda.

Kamar wancan akwai zabe janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a da daban-daban gabobin da kyallen takarda, wanda ya kamãta da daban-daban ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin a dace FS. Hada da daban-daban gabobin, wanda tare suna kira da vocal na'ura, a vocal FS dogara ne a kan manufa da zabe hada a daban-daban gabobin FS. A wannan yanayin, wannan jiki na iya kasance a mahara FS, a Bugu da kari, wani iri-iri na PS ko PS daya subsystem (as a cikin hali na murya FS) a cimma sakamakon iya amfani da daban-daban, ko kuma wannan hukuma. A wannan batun, wani sashin jiki na vocal inji ne da hannu a dama daga cikin ayyuka dangantawa da phonation, kuma a cikin wannan ma'ana shi ne multifunctional. Dangane da shugabanci a cikin abin da FS ko subsystem ya hada da wani sashin jiki na vocal na'ura, to shi da daban-daban da bukatun, amma muhimmancin samo kawai ne ga waɗanda Properties wanda shi bayyana kanta ne a cikin FS.

Daga wannan hangen zaman gaba, wanda kuma wannan jikin a daban-daban FS vocal magana yakan mallaki musamman daban-daban Properties. Alal misali, trachea da bronchi suna kunshe a cikin FS zvukogeneratsii yi wasu ayyuka, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da wannan trachea da bronchi kunshe a cikin FS phonational numfasawa. Ko vocal folds mabanbanta show ta aikin Properties, hada da, misali, a cikin fayil tsarin na sanarwa akan abinda, inda suka bayyana fonemoobrazuyuschaya aiki, ko FS zvukogeneratsii, inda suka bauta wa a matsayin tushen Ft Irfan makamashi. Hakazalika, na numfashi tsokoki wani bangare ne na daban-daban FS dangantawa da phonation, wato, FS phonational numfashin su yi wani pneumatic aiki da kuma FS sanarwa akan abinda sunadaran da hannu a hyphenation.

FS phonation selectively hada da na tsarin jijiya da kuma hormonal tsari matakan. Recent haka ya gabatar da wani musamman "tsari", selectively kunshi endocrine thyroid, gonads da adrenal gland. M inji gabatar zabe hada daban-daban jijiya cibiyoyin.

Kowane kashi ne selectively kunshe a cikin FS phonation. hulda da sauran abubuwa na tsarin, rayayye da taimako zuwa ga nasara daga karshe sakamakon ta FS. Irin wannan hulda FS abubuwa a TFS aka mai suna vzaimosodeystviya (PKAnohin). Vzaimosodeystviya aka gyara bayar da gaban nutrisistemnyh shaidu da kansa ya kira vzaimosodeystviya tafiyar matakai tsari tsarin.

Kowane fayil tsarin, ciki har da fayil tsarin na murya, shi ne mai kai-gudãnar tsarin. Kai-tsari a cikin FS an tabbatar da juya naúrar, kimantawa karshe sakamakon. A wannan na'ura ne sakamakon ji da sigogi na gefe jijiya endings - rabe, bred a cikin vocal na'ura, da kuma distantly daga gare shi. Shigar wanda ke aiki bayani game da sakamakon samu ta siga tsoka mai amsa sigina shiga dace jijiya cibiyoyin (bawo, limbic tsarin samar da wani tunanin bangaren na jawabin da tsarkakewa, da cibiyoyin medulla oblongata). Bisa ga bayanin da samu ne selectively a alkawari FS na murya da kuma vocal magana alamu na bangarori daban-daban na tsakiya m tsarin for Tattara karfi zartarwa gabobin da kuma tsarin (Reaction na'ura). By da yanayin da bayanai samu a tsakiya m tsarin na vocal fili rabe rarrabe a kalla biyar iri ýan: auditory, vibratory (da ciwon, kamar yadda aka nuna V.P.Morozovym, resonant halitta), tsoka, pneumatic (iska matsa lamba sa a rawa hanya, da kuma da aikin da na numfashi tsokoki), gani. A Naira Miliyan Xari, sun samar da wani takamaiman sa na tsarkakewa da majiyai da hasashe game da ciki gudanar da vocal na'ura, ko kamar yadda suka ce, an kafa a hankali na singer ta vocal da jiki makirci - mutum ciki majiyai tsarin da ya auku a lokacin da aka ɗõra phonation. Tare da taimakon da singer kowane lokacin iko da ya sauti samuwar. Yadda daidai Ina da R.Yusson. "Kowane irin vocal dabara haifar takamaiman vocal-corporeal kewaye, gaban da bi da bi stabilizes da fasahar" (3. p. 109).

Saboda haka, gabansa tsarin ne a murya inji (abin da ake kira "vocal analyzer" singer) ya yi aikin kula da tsaiko aiki. A wannan yanayin, FS phonation da vocal magana ne manyan feedback tashar: su ne, kamar yadda aka nuna a V.P.Morozova, singing a rawa fasaha ne da faɗakarwar tashar wadda daukawa zane bayanai game da ayyuka na vocal resonators ne kalla iya sha daga masking sakamako waje da tasirinsa (Ft Irfan yi yanayi, da dai sauransu).

An muhimmanci arziki na TFS da ciwon m darajar for vocal pedagogy ne tambaya game da gaban da FS iko naúrar. Ga shi yana da muhimmanci ga na gaba. A FS phonation a cikin tsakiyar sashen - kwakwalwa yana da wani hadadden corticosubcortical jijiya Tsarin wakiltar wani Hasashen inji ( "gaba tallan kayan kawa") da kuma kimantawa da sakamakon cimma. Wannan naúrar ( "Mai karɓar sakamakon mataki" ta Anokhin), "tsammanin" karshe kaddarorin da sakamakon, kayyade yiwuwa da kuma da aiwatar da shirin selection da nufin cimma wata karshen sakamakon, da ta aika da mutum halinsa ta hanyar m kwatanta shigar da tsakiya m tsarin na tashoshi da feedback bayanai game da sigogi na sakamakon cimma. Ya Halicci irin "image" da manufa, wanda da singer dangantawa da matsakaicin aiki resonators da feedback tashar, nuna wannan aiki - vibration (resonator) majiyai (Morozov, 2002, 2008). A farko rawa a cikin samuwar na na'ura na tanadi da kuma kimantawa na karshe sakamakon yana da wani kewayon misali vocalist mai tsarkakewa sauti a cikin vocal-pedagogical hulda da malami da dalibi. Har ila yau, na bayar da muhimmanci ne a cikin enrichment na'urar tanadi yadda ya kamata a kafa a koya vocal basira malami fi'ili wa'azi da nufin kafa wani resonant tsarkakewa dabara kazalika da gaban da bayyana dalili na singer a rinjãye ne resonant tsarkakewa dabara bayar da kyauta art na tsarkakewa.

Da yawa da hankali a cikin binciken na architectonic FS vocal magana an biya zuwa zartarwa sunadaran da murya, wakiltar wani sa na jawabai da kuma physiological matakai, da nufin cimma matuƙar FS sakamakon da kuma tabbatar da zama dole masu sana'a halaye singing murya m ga sigogi na ilimi vocal misali. Na bayar da muhimmanci a binciken da actuators ne muhimman hakkokin nazarin R.Yussona, Fanta, Sundberg. L.B.Dmitrieva. A wuri na musamman a cikin wannan yanki a cikin kimiyya da msar tambayar kuma m muhimmanci ne ƙwarai aiwatar da m masana kimiyya - furofesoshi, kuma V.N.Sorokinym V.P.Morozovym wanda ra'ayoyin su aiwatuwa a su ci gaba theories - ka'idar magana (V.N.Sorokin, 1985) da kuma resonant singing ka'idar art (The .P.Morozov, 2002, 2008). Last for vocal Yin da kuma vocal-pedagogical yi ne na muhimmancin gaske. Rawa ka'idar singing tare da ka'idar aikin tsarin halin canza hasashe game da yanayin da actuators da kuma ayyuka na vocal na'ura.

Babban actuators samar da vocal magana, suna phonation da sanarwa akan abinda wadda aka bayar tare da mu Game da FS. Saboda haka, wadannan tsarin hada a abun da ke ciki wannan gefe zartarwa aka gyara, amma da bangarori daban-daban na tsakiya da tsari. Biophysical tushen duk na actuators na tsarin ne murya-rawa inji. Wannan martani ne wata gada a tsakanin phonation da sanarwa akan abinda yake zvukogeneratsii akai, kuma ta hanyar da canji na aiki halaye da kuma Ft Irfan resonators ne a tune iko Hanyar da yanayi tsari littãfi maƙogwaro da related tembroobrazovaniya sunadaran. Wannan an tabbatar da kasancewar a cikin rawa hanya FS phonation musamman irin feedback tsakanin resonators da kafofin na Ft Irfan vibrations ciwon magana (resonant) yanayi.

Wannan Ft Irfan feedback ba ka damar kunna m sunadaran da maƙogwaro (da m aiki na resonators Morozov), kazalika da sauƙaƙe ta aiki, rage wuce kima tashin hankali na laryngeal tsokoki (wannan aiki resonators za a iya bayyana a matsayin mataimaki aiki na Turanci taimako -. Taimako, taimako).

A rarrabe da vocal na'ura a matsayin tsarin na kungiyar ne gaban gaba da baya da baya Hadin tsakanin zartarwa aka gyara daga cikin tsarin (maƙogwaro, cavities, numfashin) multimodal halitta (Ft Irfan, pneumatic, neuro-reflex) (Morozov. 2002, 2008). A gaban gaba da baya da baya Hadin biyu tsaye (tsakanin tsakiyar management da kuma iko da zartarwa aka gyara) da kuma horizontally (tsakanin mambobi ne na tsarin dogara ne a kan manufa vzaimosodeystviya abubuwa na zartarwa ofishin - da maƙogwaro, na numfashi resonator) kayyade aiki na FS na murya da kuma vocal magana kamar yadda hadaddun integrative tsarin. Duk wani, ciki har da pedagogical tasiri shi reacts matsayin dukan da tasiri a kan wani daga cikin sassa nan da nan nuna a cikin sauran. (Morozov, 2002, 2008)

ƙarshe

1. Muryar aiki da hankali da alaka vocal magana (mai tsarkakewa), kazalika da dukan sauran ayyuka na mutum, yana da wani tsarin kungiyar ne karshen sakamakon ayyuka na musamman aikin phonation tsarin, wanda yake shi ne cyclic, a kai-gudãnar kungiyar, selectively hada daban-daban gabobin da kuma matakan da juyayi da kuma humoral tsari to kai ta karshe sakamakon - da samuwar vocal magana sauti bangaren - murya, vocal magana kamar yadda karin lafazi raka'a siffofin ska mafi kyau duka kwaikwayon na tsarkakewa da phonation, da dacewa sigogi na misali ilimi vocal (ko wasu vocal nau'o'i) da kuma samar da sana'a inganci tsarkakewa murya.

2. A vocal FS za a iya gano gwada da m amma m subsystems, waxanda suke da key aka gyara na zartarwa effector sunadaran da vocal jawabin - bayarwa na "abu" na sauti - iska kafofin na Ft Irfan vibrations, zvukogeneratsii, sanarwa akan abinda. Tare da tsarin m, da refracted haske a cikin resonant tsarkakewa ka'idar zama ba daidai ba rarrabuwa na maƙogwaro da "janareta" tsarin (sashen) na vocal na'ura. A karshen ne musamman gaskiya dukan resonator fili vocal fili da kuma maƙogwaro ne kawai daya daga cikin Ft Irfan makamashi saboda da iska ya kwarara daidaitowa fašakarwar vocal folds.

3. Muryar na'urar - dai kawai da FS abu da hidima a matsayin zartarwa (effector) naúrar daga cikin tsarin.

4. A qa'idar duniya na FS na jiki, kazalika da ilimi na] aukacin tsarin da kaddarorin ne wani nau'i ne na "key" domin gina da FS na murya da kuma vocal magana, architectonic cika wannan FS kuma ta subsystems dacewa ciki.

5. Aikace-aikacen da ka'idojin da ka'idar aikin tsarin a cikin binciken na alamu na vocal aiki a cikin shakka hanya, kamar yadda kwarewa ya nuna, shi ya inganta ci gaban dalibai 'tsarin tunani da kuma takamaiman lissafi mai tsauri a yi da shafi tunanin mutum aiki, kazalika da muhimman hakkokin yanayin samuwar na zamani ideas game da ayyukan da tsarin na murya da kuma vocal magana a matsayin aikin hadedde dukan.

adabi

1. Phoniatrics da fonopediya / Dmitriev LB, LM Telelyaeva, Taptapova SL, Ermakova II - M., Medicine, 1990.
2. Morozov VP Kai resonant tsarkakewa. Muhimmai na rawa ka'idar da dabara. - Moscow, 2002 (2nd ed -. M., 2008).
3. VN Sorokin A ka'idar magana samar. - Moscow, 1985.
4. Yusson R. singing murya. - Moscow, 1974.