Phosphorus da mahadi. Practical amfani da phosphorus mahadi

Daga cikin na gina jiki zama dole don ware wani wuri na musamman shi ne phosphorus. Domin shi ba zai iya zama ba tare da irin wannan muhimmanci da mahadi, kamar ATP ko phospholipids, kazalika da yawa wasu kwayoyin abubuwa. Cikinsa da inorganic da wannan kashi sosai arziki a daban-daban kwayoyin. Phosphorus da mahadi suna yadu amfani da masana'antu, suna da muhimmanci ruwa da tsaki a nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai, ana amfani a fannoni daban daban na mutum aiki. Saboda haka, mu yi la'akari da abin da ya ƙunshi na da kashi, abin da yake da sauki abu da kuma mafi muhimmanci mahadi.

Phosphorus: wani janar bayanin irin kashi

Matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin za a iya bayyana a 'yan sakin.

1. A karo na biyar kungiyar, babban kungiyar.
2. A bisa uku kananan lokaci.
3. Lambar siriyal - 15.
4. Atomic taro - 30,974.
5. E sanyi 1s zarra ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{2 3.}
6. Zai yiwu hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar -3 don +5.
7. A sunadarai alama - P a cikin dabarbari pronunciation "pe". The sunan kashi - phosphorus. The Latin sunan Phosphorus.

Tarihi na samu na zarra yana da saiwoyinsa a m XII karni. Ko da a cikin records na alchemists hadu bayanai, magana game da samun wani unknown "luminous" al'amarin. Duk da haka, da hukuma kwanan wata na samu da kuma kira na phosphorus ya fara a 1669. Fatara shopping Brand m in search na Falsafa ta dutse da ka hada da abu, wanda zai iya emit a mai haske haske da kuma ƙone makantar da harshen wuta. Ya yi wannan ta maimaita calcination adam fitsari.

Bayan shi da kansa game da wannan hanyoyi sauran aiki rabi aka samu:

• J. Kunkel.
• R. Boyle.
• A. Marggraf.
• K. Scheele.
• Lavoisier.

Yau, daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri hanyoyin da kira na abu - na maido da daidai phosphorus-dauke da ma'adanai a high yanayin zafi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar carbon dioxide da silica. A tsari ne da za'ayi a cikin na musamman dafuwa. Phosphorus da mahadi suke da muhimmanci sosai abubuwa ga halittu masu rai, kazalika da da dama syntheses a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Saboda haka wajibi ne a yi la'akari da abin da yake cikin aiki rabi a matsayin mai sauki abu da kuma inda a cikin yanayi na dauke.

Simple abu phosphorus

Yana da wuya to suna da wani musamman dangane, a cikin hali na phosphorus. Wannan shi ne saboda da manyan yawan allotropic gyare-gyare da cewa suna da wannan kashi. Akwai hudu main iri sauki abubuwa na phosphorus.

1. White. Wannan fili wanda dabara R _4. Yana da wani fari, wani maras tabbas abu da ciwon kaifi m wari da tafarnuwa. Yana ignites spontaneously a iska a al'ada yanayin zafi. Konewa luminous kodadde kore. Very mai guba da kuma kawo hadari ga rayuwa. Musamman high reactivity, don haka shi aka shirya da kuma adana a karkashin wani Layer na tsarkake ruwa. Wannan shi ne zai yiwu saboda da matalauta solubility a iyakacin duniya kaushi. Shi ne mafi kyau ga wannan dace disulfide fari phosphorus da kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin da mai tsanani, shi za a iya canjawa wuri zuwa da wadannan allotropic siffofin - ja phosphorus. Lokacin da sanyaya kuma condensing da tururi ne iya samar da yadudduka. A touch of m, m, sauki yankan wuka, fari (dan kadan yellow). Da narkewa batu na 44 ⁰ C. Saboda reactivity aka yi amfani da kira. Amma saboda yawan guba yana da fadi da masana'antu aikace-aikace.
2. Yellow. Wannan ne mafi sharri a tsarkake nau'i na fari phosphorus. Shi ne ma fi m, kamar yadda m smells na tafarnuwa. Ignites da konewa tare da wani haske harshen glowing kore. Wadannan rawaya ko ruwan kasa lu'ulu'u ba narke a cikin ruwa gaba daya, da cikakken hadawan abu da iskar shaka kulake emit fari hayaki abun da ke ciki P ₄ Ya _10.
3. Red phosphorus da mahadi sun fi na kowa, kuma mafi sau da yawa amfani a masana'antu na gyaggyarawa wakili. Red pasty taro, wanda shi ne a wani dagagge matsa lamba iya wuce a cikin nau'i na Violet lu'ulu'u ne chemically m. Wannan polymer ne iya rushe kawai a wasu karafa da kuma fiye da wani abu. A zazzabi na 250 ⁰ C aka sublimated ta wucewa wani farin gyara. Non-mai guba kamar yadda baya form. Duk da haka, tare da shafe tsawon daukan hotuna na jiki mai guba. Ana amfani da a yi amfani da wani shafi a kan ƙonewa matchboxes. Wannan shi ne saboda da cewa shi ba zai iya ƙone spontaneously, amma a lokacin da denotation da gogayya fashe (lit).
4. Black. Bisa ga waje data sosai kama da graphite, shi ne kuma m touch. Wannan semiconductor lantarki a halin yanzu. Dark lu'ulu'u, m, ba su iya za a narkar da a wani kaushi a duk. Wannan shi Lights sama, kana bukatar sosai high yanayin zafi da kuma pre raskalivanie.

haka ma ba su da sha'awar dogon-bude nau'i na phosphorus - karfe. Yana da wani shugaba, kuma yana da cubic crystal raga.

sinadaran Properties

Chemical Properties na phosphorus dogara a kan tsari a cikin abin da aka located. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da mafi yawan aiki rawaya da fari gyara. A general, da phosphorus iya maida martani tare da:

• karafa kafa phosphides kuma mukaddashin matsayin oxidant.
• ba-karafa, mukaddashin a matsayin rage wakili da kuma samar da maras tabbas, kuma ba maras tabbas mahadi daga wani daban-daban irin.
• karfi oxidants wucewa cikin phosphoric acid .
• tare da mayar da hankali caustic Alkali da disproportionation irin;
• da ruwa a sosai high zafin jiki.
• tare da oxygen ta samar da daban-daban oxides.

Chemical Properties na phosphorus kama da wadanda daga nitrogen. domin shi ne wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar pniktogenov. Duk da haka, na ayyuka da dama umarni na girma mafi girma, godiya ga dama allotropic gyare-gyare.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

Kamar yadda mai gina jiki, phosphorus ne mai matukar kowa. Its kashi ne 0,09% a cikin ɓawon burodi. Wannan shi ne wani fairly manyan adadi. Ina samu wannan zarra a cikin yanayi? Akwai da dama babban wurare:

• da kore da shuke-shuke, da tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
• dabba kyallen takarda (tsoka, kashi, da hakori enamel, da yawa muhimmanci gudanar da mahadi).
• Duniya ta ɓawon burodi.
• ƙasa.
• kankara da kuma ma'adanai.
• tẽku ruwa.

A wannan yanayin da muke iya magana kawai game da related siffofin, amma ba mai sauki al'amarin. Bayan duk, ya sosai aiki, da kuma ba da damar da shi ya zama free. Daga cikin arziki ma'adanai phosphorus ne:

• Inglish.
• ftorapaptit.
• svanbergite.
• phosphorus da sauran.

A nazarin halittu muhimmancin wannan abu ba za a iya overemphasized. Bayan duk, shi ne wani ɓangare daga mahadi kamar:

• sunadaran.
• phospholipids.
• DNA.
• RNA.
• fosfoproteidy.
• enzymes.

Wannan shi ne, duk da waɗanda suke da muhimmanci da kuma cewa ginawa a kan dukan dukan jiki. Daily na kullum ga al'ada mutum adult na game 2 grams.

Phosphorus da mahadi

Kamar yadda wani mai aiki, aiki kashi Forms jam'i na daban-daban abubuwa. Bayan duk shi siffofin da phosphide, kuma da kanta abubuwa a matsayin rage wakili. Saboda wannan shi iya wuya a kira wani kashi cewa zai zama inert a dauki zuwa gare shi. Kuma saboda haka ne mahadi da dabara phosphorus musamman bambancin. Daya zai iya buga wani yawan azuzuwan abubuwa a cikin samuwar wanda ya ke da wani aiki takara.

1. Binary mahadi - oxides, phosphides, hydrogen maras tabbas fili, sulfide, nitride, da sauransu. Ga misali: P ₂ Ya _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _3, PH _3, da sauransu.
2. Complex abubuwa: salts na iri daban-daban (talakawan, acidic, asali, biyu, hadaddun), acid. Misali: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ Ya _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (NH _{4) 2} HPO ₄ da sauransu.
3. Oxygen-dauke da kwayoyin mahadi: sunadarai, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, da sauransu.

Mai iri abubuwa gano suna da muhimmanci masana'antu da kuma akanta. A amfani da phosphorus da mahadi da yiwu ga likita dalilai da kuma don samar da sosai talakawa iyali abubuwa.

Mahadi da karafa

Binary mahadi na phosphorus da karafa da kuma nonmetals ne kasa electronegative suna phosphides. Wannan gishiri-kamar abubuwa wanda mallaka matsananci rashin zaman lafiya lokacin da fallasa su daban-daban jamiái. Rapid bazuwar (hydrolysis) sakamakon a ko da talakawa ruwa.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, a karkashin mataki na Unconcentrated acid yakan faru kamar yadda Lalacewar wakili a kan m kayayyakin. Alal misali, idan muka yi magana game da hydrolysis na alli phosphide, da kayayyakin zai zama karfe hydroxide da phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6H ₂ Ya = 3Ca (OH) ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

A phosphide fallasa degradable karkashin mataki na wani ma'adinai acid, za mu samu da m gishiri da kuma phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

A general, da darajar da batun mahadi a matsayin lokaci da cewa hydrogen kafa a sakamakon wani phosphorus fili, wanda Properties aka tattauna a kasa.

Volatiles phosphorus-tushen

Akwai biyu main ne:

• fari phosphorus.
• phosphine.

A ƙasa mun riga aka ambata a sama, da kuma halaye na drive. Suka ce cewa yana da wani fari m hayaki, sosai guba, smelly da kuma kai-igniting karkashin al'ada yanayi.

Amma abin da yake phosphine? Wannan shi ne mafi tartsatsi da a san maras tabbas abu, wanda ya hada da kashi karkashin shawara. Shi ne binary, da kuma na biyu memba - hydrogen. Formula hydrogen phosphorus mahadi - PH _3, da sunan phosphine.

A Properties na wannan abu za a iya bayyana kamar haka.

1. Tashi colorless iskar gas.
2. Very mai guba.
3. Yana yana da wari daga na banza kifi.
4. Tun da ruwa ba ya amsa sosai talauci mai narkewa a cikin shi. Shi ne mai narkewa a cikin kwayoyin sunadarai.
5. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, chemically sosai aiki.
6. Yana ignites spontaneously a iska.
7. Kafa da bazuwar daga karfe phosphide.

Wani sunan - PHOSPHAN. An hade da tarihin mafi tsoho. A dukan batu na "yawo gobara" cewa, wani lokacin mutane suka ga kuma ganin yanzu makabartun, swamps. Mai siffar zobe ko svechepodobnye fitilu da cewa ya bayyana a nan da can, samar da wani ra'ayi na motsi, dauke da wani shu'umci, kuma sun kasance sosai ji tsoro daga m mutane. Dalilin wannan sabon abu, bisa ga halin yanzu ra'ayoyi na wasu masana kimiyya, za a iya daukan kai-ƙonewa na phosphine wanda aka halitta samar da bazuwar kwayoyin sharan, duka biyu shuka da dabbobi. A gas zo daga da kuma zo a cikin lamba tare da oxygen, haske. A launi da kuma girman da harshen za a iya bambanta. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan haske kore hasken wuta.

Babu shakka, duk da maras tabbas phosphorus fili - mai guba abubuwa, wanda ana iya gano ta ne ta kaifi m wari. Wannan yanayin taimaka hana guba da m sakamakon.

A mahadi da wadanda ba karafa

Idan phosphorus behaves a matsayin rage wakili, shi wajibi ne don magana game da binary mahadi da wadanda ba karafa. Mafi sau da yawa, su ne mafi electronegative. Saboda haka, akwai da dama iri na kayan da wannan irin:

• phosphorus da sulfur fili - sulphide na phosphorus P ₂ S _3;
• phosphorus chloride III, V.
• oxides da anhydride.
• bromide da iodide, da sauransu.

sunadarai na phosphorus da mahadi bambanta, don haka yana da wuya a gane mafiya muhimmanci. Magana concretely daga cikin abubuwa da cewa an kafa na phosphorus da kuma wadanda ba karafa, mafi muhimmanci ne oxides da chlorides na daban-daban qagaggun. Suna amfani da sinadaran kira a matsayin dehydrating wakili, kamar yadda catalysts, da sauransu.

Saboda haka, daya daga cikin mafi iko dehumidifying nufin shi ne mafi girma da phosphorus oxide - P ₂ Ya _5. Ya karfi da janyo hankalin ruwa don haka da cewa a lokacin da a kai tsaye lamba tare da shi akwai wani tashin hankali dauki tare da karfi da amo masu raka. A kanta, abu ne mai farin dusar ƙanƙara-kamar salla, a cikin tara jihar kusa da amorphous.

Oxygenated gudanar da mahadi da phosphorus

An sani cewa kwayoyin sunadarai a kan yawan mahadi shi ne mafi m zuwa inorganic. Wannan sabon abu ne da ya bayyana da ikon na isomerism, kuma carbon atoms ta samar da daban-daban Tsarin sarkar sunadaran tsare juna. Babu shakka, akwai wani tsari, watau rarrabuwa, wanda shi ne batun duk da kwayoyin sunadarai. Daban-daban azuzuwan da mahadi, duk da haka, muna da sha'awar a daya musamman, kai tsaye alaka da rabi a tambaya. Wannan oxygen-dauke da mahadi da phosphorus. Wadannan sun hada da:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, pyridoxal phosphate, da sauransu.
• sunadaran.
• nucleic acid, kamar yadda na phosphoric acid saura shi ne wani ɓangare na nucleotide.
• phospholipids da fosfoproteidy.
• enzymes da catalysts.

Bidiyo Iona, a cikin abin da phosphorus kwayoyin da hannu a cikin samuwar wadannan mahadi, wadannan - PO ₄ ^3-, watau shi ne acid saura na phosphoric acid. A tsarin da wasu sunadaran shi shiga wani free zarra ko sauki ion.

Ga al'ada rayuwa na kowane aiki kashi na kwayoyin halittar da kuma gudanar da mahadi kafa ta su ne musamman muhimmanci da kuma zama dole. Ba shi yiwuwa a gina wani daga cikin tsarin sassa na jiki ba tare da sunadarai na gina jiki. A DNA da RNA - babban dako da riwayar kayyade bayani. A general, duk nasabar dole ba ba tare da kasa.

A amfani da phosphorus a cikin masana'antu

A amfani da phosphorus da mahadi a cikin masana'antu za a iya halin da dama da maki.

1. Amfani a cikin yi da ashana, m mahadi, incendiary bama-bamai, wasu habaka, lubricants.
2. Kamar yadda scavenger gas, kazalika da a yi na Lagwani fitilu.
3. Don kare karafa da lalata.
4. A noma a matsayin ƙasa taki.
5. A matsayin hanyar ga ruwa softening.
6. A sinadaran syntheses a samar da daban-daban abubuwa.

Aikin a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne rage su shiga a cikin tafiyar matakai na samuwar hakori enamel da kashi. Saka hannu cikin analogous da catabolism halayen, kazalika da kula da ciki yanayi na buffering Kwayoyin da nazarin halittu ruwaye. Shi ne dalilin da kira na DNA, RNA, phospholipids.