Nukiliya sarkar dauki. Yanayi na nukiliya sarkar dauki

A ka'idar dangantakar ya ce taro - shi ne na musamman nau'i na makamashi. Daga wannan shi ya bi cewa, yana yiwuwa ya maida taro a cikin makamashi da kuma makamashi a cikin taro. A intraatomic matakin, irin halayen faru. A musamman, wasu daga cikin taro na atomic tsakiya na iya juya zuwa makamashi. Wannan ya faru a hanyoyi da dama. Da farko, da zuciyar na iya karya a cikin wata yawan karami nuclei, wannan dauki da ake kira "rushewar". Abu na biyu, karami kernels iya haɗi zuwa samun fi girma - wannan kira dauki. A cikin sararin samaniya, irin halayen ba nadiri. Isar da shi a ce cewa Fusion dauki - a tushen samar da makamashi ga taurãri. Amma dauki na lalata amfani da mutãne to nukiliya reactors, kamar yadda mutane suka koya don sarrafa wadannan hadaddun matakai. Amma abin da yake a nukiliya sarkar dauki? Yadda za a gudanar da shi?

Abin da ya faru a cikin nucleus din zarra

Nukiliya sarkar dauki - a aiwatar a guje a collisions na firamare barbashi ko nuclei tare da sauran nuclei. Me ne "sarkar"? Wannan sa na bi da bi guda nukiliya halayen. A sakamakon wannan tsari akwai wani canji na jimla jihar nucleon da kuma abun da ke ciki a cikin kwaya, ko da bayyana sabon barbashi - kayayyakin na dauki. Nukiliya sarkar dauki, da kimiyyar lissafi na wanda ba ka damar gano da sunadaran da hulda da nuclei da nuclei da barbashi - da farko Hanyar domin samar da sabon abubuwa da isotopes. Domin fahimtar sarkar dauki, dole ne da farko magance tare da guda.

Menene ake bukata domin dauki

Domin aiwatar da wannan tsari, kamar yadda na nukiliya sarkar dauki, shi wajibi ne don kawo tare da barbashi (core kuma nucleon biyu tsakiya) a nesa na radius na karfi hulda (kamar daya Fermi). Idan nisa ne manyan, da hulda da cajin barbashi ne zalla Coulomb. A nukiliya dauki, a yarda da dukan dokokin: kiyayewa da makamashi, da lokacin da lokacinta, baryon cajin. Nukiliya sarkar dauki aka denoted da alamomin wata, b, a, d. Alama ce a suturta a fara core, b - da ya faru barbashi, tare da - wani sabon jefarwa gaɓũɓuwa, kuma d suturta da resultant core.

makamashi na dauki

A sarkar nukiliya dauki zai iya faru da biyu da sha da kuma saki na makamashi, wanda shi ne daidaita da taro bambanci na barbashi bayan da dauki da kuma kafin shi. A tunawa da makamashi kayyade m sanadin motsi makamashi na wani karo, wani da ake kira bakin kofa nukiliya dauki a wadda ta iya zartsi. Wannan bakin kofa dogara a kan barbashi cewa shiga a cikin hulda, da kuma a kan su halaye. A can farko, duk barbashi ne a wani qaddara jimla jihar.

maida martani

Babban tushen caje barbashi cewa bombard da tsakiya ne barbashi totur, wanda damar bim na protons, nauyi ions da haske nuclei. Slow neutrons samar ta hanyar yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya nukiliya. Domin kayyade na aukuwa caje barbashi za a iya amfani da daban-daban iri nukiliya halayen - da biyu da kira da kuma lalata. Yiwuwar su dogara a kan sigogi na barbashi cewa yi karo. Daga wannan yiwuwa ake dangantawa da irin wannan halayyar, da giciye sashe na dauki - tamanin da tasiri yankin wanda characterizes core a matsayin manufa domin ya faru barbashi da kuma wanda yake shi ne ma'auni na yiwuwa na barbashi shigar da tsakiya da kuma mu'amala. Idan dauki an samu halartar barbashi tare da wani nonzero juya darajar, da sashe ne kai tsaye dogara a kan su fuskantarwa. Tun lokacin da baya da mai shigowa barbashi an ba daidaitacce gaba daya da ka, da kuma fiye ko ƙasa da ma'ana iri, duk da corpuscles ne polarized. Gwada yawa faye hali na juya-daidaitacce bayyana rabuwa vector.

A dauki inji

Mene ne nukiliya sarkar dauki? Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, shi ne wani jerin sauki halayen. Details na aukuwa barbashi da hulda da core ne dogara a kan taro, cajin, a sanadin motsi makamashi. Hulda ƙaddara da digiri na da 'yanci na nuclei, wanda suke farin ciki sa'ad da wani karo. Samun iko a kan duk wadannan sunadaran damar domin aiwatar kamar sarrafawa nukiliya sarkar dauki.

kai tsaye halayen

Idan wani caje barbashi cewa hits da manufa tsakiya, kawai ya shãfe shi, tsowon lokacin da karo ne har yanzu zama dole a shawo kan nukiliya radius nesa. Wannan nukiliya dauki ake kira kai tsaye. A na kowa halayyar ga dukkan halayen da irin wannan ne qaddamarwa na karamin yawan digiri na 'yanci. A wannan tsari, bayan na farko karo barbashi yana da har yanzu isasshen makamashi cin nasara da makaman nukiliya janye. Alal misali, irin interactions, a matsayin inelastic neutron watsi, cajin musayar, kuma suna madaidaiciya. Gudunmawar da irin wannan tafiyar matakai a cikin halayyar da ake kira "total giciye sashe" quite zullumi. Duk da haka, da samfurin rarraba line wucewa nukiliya dauki domin sanin yiwuwar watsi da kwana na katako shugabanci, jimla lambobin selectivity lugar jihohi da kuma tantance su tsari.

pre-ma'auni watsi

Idan barbashi ba ya bar filin wasa na nukiliya hadin gwiwa bayan da farko karo, za a hannu a wani cascade na m collisions. Wannan shi ne ainihin daidai da abin da ake kira da makaman nukiliya sarkar dauki. A sakamakon haka, irin wannan halin da ake ciki da sanadin motsi makamashi daga cikin barbashi aka rarraba a tsakanin bangaren sassa na kwaya. The sosai guda jihar na tsakiya za ta hankali zama fiye da rikitarwa. A lokacin da wannan tsari a wasu nucleon ko dukan tari (rukuni na nucleons) makamashi za a iya mayar da hankali, shi ne isa ga watsi da wani nucleon daga tsakiya. Bugu da ari shakatawa za su haifar da wani ilimin kididdiga ma'auni da kuma samuwar wani fili tsakiya.

sarkar halayen

Mene ne nukiliya sarkar dauki? Wannan jerin ta bijiro da batun kafa sassa. Watau mahara a jere guda nukiliya halayen sa ta caje barbashi bayyana a matsayin dauki kayayyakin a baya matakai. Abin da ake kira makaman nukiliya sarkar dauki? Alal misali, fission nauyi nuclei, a lokacin da mahara fission events qaddamar samu ta hanyar gabata ƙãrẽwa neutrons.

Features na nukiliya sarkar dauki

Daga cikin dukan sinadaran halayen shi samu m rarraba sarkar. Barbashi da sauran sadarwa cika rawar da free radicals ko kwayoyin halitta. A wannan tsari, kamar yadda na nukiliya sarkar dauki, ginshikai na tafarkinsa samar neutrons wanda suna da Coulomb shãmaki, kuma ta da hankali da tsakiya kan sha. Idan matsakaici bayyana dole barbashi, shi sa wata sarkar na m rikirkida, wanda zai ci gaba da sarkar scission saboda asarar da m barbashi.

Me rasa m

Akwai dalilai biyu kawai ga asarar m barbashi m sarkar halayen. Na farko shi ne sha na barbashi ba tare da sakandare watsi tsari. Na biyu - da barin barbashi cikin ikon yinsa, daga cikin abu mai goyan bayan sarkar tsari.

Iri biyu tsari

Idan naúrar an haifi kawai barbashi jigilar kayayyaki a kowane lokaci sarkar dauki, to, wannan tsari za a iya kira unbranched. Yana iya ba kai ga saki da makamashi a kan wani babban sikelin. Idan akwai da yawa m barbashi, shi ne ake kira mai branched dauki. Mene ne nukiliya sarkar dauki tare da sashe? Daya samu a baya yi na sakandare barbashi ci gaba fara kafin sarkar, amma wasu za su haifar da sabon halayen da za su kuma reshe daga. Tare da wannan tsari za a gasar matakai kai ga breakage. A sakamakon halin da ake ciki zai bayar da Yunƙurin zuwa takamaiman m, kuma m sabon abu. Alal misali, idan a ci gaba da fiye da zalla sabon sarƙoƙi, da dauki kai-da goyon baya ne ba zai yiwu ba. Ko da ta da hankali ta artificially gabatar a cikin matsakaici so yawan barbashi, tsari zai har yanzu Fade a kan lokaci (yawanci quite da sauri). Idan yawan sabon sarƙoƙi zai wuce yawan karya, da sarkar dauki zai fara yada a ko'ina cikin kayan.

m jihar

A m yankin da aka raba yanayin jihohin al'amarin m kai-riƙe sarkar dauki da kuma yankin inda wannan dauki ba zai yiwu a duk. Wannan siga halin daidaici tsakanin yawan sabon haihuwarka da yawan yiwu karya. Kamar yadda gaban barbashi-free m m jihar shi ne babban abu a jerin matsayin "yanayi na nukiliya sarkar dauki." Nasara ta wannan yanayin za a iya ƙaddara da wani yawan yiwu dalilai. Rarraba nauyi kashi tsakiya ne m da daya kawai neutron. A sakamakon wannan tsari, kamar yadda sarkar dauki na nukiliya fission, akwai karin neutrons. Saboda haka, wannan tsari na iya samar da branched dauki inda dako da neutrons zai yi aiki. A cikin akwati inda kudi na neutron kama ba tare da division ko tasowa (asarar kudi) kuma a cika gudun haifuwa m barbashi, sarkar dauki zai ci gaba a cikin wani tsit yanayin. Wannan lissafi ya bayyana multiplication factor. A harka shi ne daidaita hadin kai a sama. A makamashin nukiliya saboda da gabatarwar da korau feedback tsakanin kudi na makamashi saki da multiplication factor za a iya gane iko da makaman nukiliya halayen. Idan wannan rabo ne mafi girma daga daya, sa'an nan da dauki za su ci gaba dabam dabam. Uncontrolled sarkar dauki amfani da makaman nukiliya.

Nukiliya sarkar dauki a cikin makamashi kansu

A reactivity na reactor ne m da wani babban yawan matakai wanda ya faru a cikin aiki zone. Duk wadannan tsoma aka ƙaddara da ake kira coefficient na reactivity. Rinjayar da zazzabi canje-canje na graphite sandunansu, coolants ko uranium reactivity na reactor da tsanani da percolation tsari kamar nukiliya sarkar dauki, halin da zazzabi coefficient (ga coolant, uranium, a kan graphite). Akwai kuma dogaro daga cikin halaye na ikon, bisa ga barometric Manuniya na tururi sigogi. Don kula da makamashin nukiliya dauki a cikin reactor dole tana mayar daya kashi cikin wani. Domin wannan shi wajibi ne don la'akari da kwarara yanayi na nukiliya sarkar dauki - kasancewar wani abu wanda zai iya raba da kuma ware kansu daga lalata da dama na farko barbashi wanda, kamar yadda wani sakamako, zai haifar da sauran rabo tsakiya. Kamar yadda irin wannan wani abu ne sau da yawa amfani da uranium-238, uranium-235, plutonium-239. A lokacin da nassi daga cikin makaman nukiliya sarkar dauki isotopes daga wadannan abubuwa za su rarrabu da kuma samar da biyu ko fiye da sauran sinadaran abubuwa. A wannan tsari, shi ne ake jefarwa da ake kira "gamma" -rays, wani m makamashi saki, an kafa biyu ko uku neutrons m ayyukan ci gaba da dauki. Rarrabe tsakanin jinkirin da sauri neutrons, saboda domin zarra ta tsakiya rududdugaggu, wadannan barbashi kamata tashi a wani gudun.