Nobel Prize a Physics: jerin. Rasha lissafin kimiyya - Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize aka bayar da farko, a 1901. Tun farkon karni Hukumar shekara ance mafi kyau gwani, ya sanya wani muhimmin samu ko firtsi halitta don girmama shi da wani girmamawa kyautar. List of Nobel yabon ne dan kadan fi yawan shekaru na bikin, kamar yadda aka wani lokacin alama ta wani hade da biyu ko uku mutane. Duk da haka, wasu daraja ambata dabam.

Igor Tamm

Rasha likita ta Nobel, haife shi a birnin Vladivostok a cikin iyali na da yakin m. A 1901 da iyali koma Ukraine, shi ne akwai Igor Evgenevich Tamm sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare, sa'an nan ya tafi ya yi nazarin a Edinburgh. A shekarar 1918 ya samu takardar diploma na Faculty of Physics na Moscow Jami'ar Jihar.

Bayan haka, sai ya fara koyarwa, da farko a Simferopol, sa'an nan a cikin Odessa, sa'an nan a Moscow. A 1934 ya aka ciyar da su shugaban msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi a institute kansu Lebedev, inda ya yi aiki har mutuwarsa. Igor Evgenevich Tamm karatu electrodynamics na daskararru, kazalika da na gani kaddarorin da lu'ulu'u. A cikin ayyukansu, ya fara bayyana ra'ayin kamfani mai suna Quanta na karar kadawar sauti. Relativistic makanikai a lokacin da aka musamman da gaggawa, kuma Tamm ya iya gwaje tabbatar da hanyar da ra'ayoyi da cewa ba a tabbatar da kafin. Binciken da suka sosai gagarumin. A shekarar 1958, aikin da aka gane a kan wani duniya matakin: tare da abokan aiki Cherenkov, da kuma Frank, ya karbi Nobel Prize.

Otto tsananin

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da wani sharhi, ya nuna nadiri damar iya yin komai, kuma gwaji. Jamus-American likita, na lashe kyautar Nobel Otto tsananin aka haife shi a Fabrairu 1888 a Sora (yanzu da Polish birnin Dawn). Tsananin sauke karatu daga makaranta a Breslau, sa'an nan shekaru da dama a cikin kimiyyar yanayin halitta a Jamus jami'o'i. A 1912 ya kare doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, da shugaban ya digiri aikin da aka Einstein.

A lokacin farko World Otto tsananin ya aka girke a cikin sojojin, amma akwai ci gaba msar tambayar bincike a fagen jimla ka'idar. Daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1921 ya yi aiki a Frankfurt University, inda ya yi karatu gwaji tabbatarwa daga kwayoyin motsi. A sa'an nan ya ya iya samar da hanyar da atomic bim, da ake kira da kwarewa tsananin. A shekarar 1923 aka nada Farfesa a Jami'ar Hamburg. A shekara ta 1933, ya yi magana fitar da anti-Semitism da aka tilasta su motsa daga Jamus zuwa Amurka, inda ya samu dan kasa. A 1943 ya shiga cikin jerin Nobel yabon ga wata babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban da kwayoyin ray Hanyar da aka gano daga cikin Magnetic lokacin da proton. Tun shekarar 1945 - memba na National Academy of Sciences. Tun shekarar 1946, ya rayu a Berkeley, inda ya kawo karshen kwanaki a shekarar 1969.

O. Chamberlain

American likita Ouen Chemberlen aka haife Yuli 10, 1920 a San Francisco. Tare da Emilio Segre, ya yi aiki a filin na jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Abokan aiki sun samu gagarumin nasara da kuma yin samu: sun sami antiprotons. A 1959 da suka kasance sunã gani a matakin kasa da kasa, da kuma bayar da matsayin zakaran Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi. Tun daga shekarar 1960, Chamberlain da aka shigar ga National Academy of Sciences na United States of America. Ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Harvard, kamar yadda wani farfesa, ya ƙare kwanakinsu ba a Berkeley a watan Fabrairu 2006.

Niels Bohr

'Yan Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi da aka fi sani da Danish masanin kimiyya. A wata hanya shi za a iya kira da kafa kimiyyar zamani. Bugu da kari, Niels Bohr kafa Cibiyar Irfanin Physics a Copenhagen. Ya nasa ne da ka'idar da zarra, dangane da planetary model, kuma postulates. An halicce su da mafi muhimmanci aiki a kan ka'idar da atomic tsakiya da kuma makaman nukiliya halayen, a falsafar kimiyya. Duk da ban sha'awa a cikin barbashi tsarin, sun yi tsayayya da su yi amfani da na soja dalilai. Ilimi gaba likita samu a nahawu makaranta, inda ya zama shahararren matsayin m kwallon kafa player. Suna a matsayin mai hazaka bincike ya shekara ashirin da uku bayan ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Copenhagen. Ya sabawa rubuce-rubucensu aikin da aka bayar da wata lambar zinariya. Niels Bohr samarwa domin sanin surface tashin hankali na ruwa a kan jet vibrations. Daga 1908 zuwa 1911 ya yi aiki a cikin gida jami'a. Sa'an nan, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki tare da Yusufu Yahaya Thomson, sa'an nan tare da Ernest Rutherford. Ya ciyar da mafi muhimmanci abubuwan, wanda ya jagoranci zuwa ga karbar kyautar a 1922. Bayan da ya koma zuwa Copenhagen, inda ya rayu har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1962.

Lev Landau

Soviet likita ta Nobel, haife shi a 1908. Landau halitta mai ban mamaki aiki a yankunan da yawa: ya yi karatu magnetism, jejjerawa, atomic nuclei, na farko barbashi, electrodynamics, kuma mafi. Tare da Evgeniem Lifshitsem Ya halitta a classic hanya na msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi. Tarihinsa ne ban sha'awa dada saurin ci gaban: riga ya shiga Jami'ar Landau goma sha uku shekaru. Domin a yayin da ya yi karatu sunadarai, amma daga baya yanke hukuncin karatu kimiyyar lissafi. Tun shekara ta 1927 ya kasance mai digiri na biyu dalibi a Ioffe Birnin Leningrad, Institute. Sahaban tuna da shi a matsayin wani m, kaifi mutum, yiwuwa ga m kimomi. The m horo a yarda Landau ci. Ya yi aiki a kan wani dabara sosai cewa ya gani da su har ma a cikin barci da dare. Karfi da tasiri da shi, da kuma kimiyya tafiye-tafiye a kasashen waje. Musamman muhimmanci shi ne ziyarar da Cibiyar Irfanin Physics, Niels Bohr, a lokacin da masanin kimiyyar ya iya tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi amfani da shi a matakin qarshe. Landau dauki kansa almajiri daga cikin shahararrun Dane.

A cikin marigayi thirties masanin kimiyya fuskanci Stalinist danniya. Physics yana da damar tserewa daga Kharkov, inda ya zauna tare da iyalinsa. Yana bai taimaka, kuma ya aka kama a shekara ta 1938. Manyan masana kimiyya na duniya, mun tũba zuwa Stalin, da kuma a shekara ta 1939, Landau aka saki. Bayan haka, domin shekaru masu yawa ya shiga cikin kimiyya aiki. A 1962, sai aka shigar da shi Nobel Prize a Physics. Kwamitin zaba domin ta m tsarin kula da nazarin takaice al'amari, musamman ruwa helium. A wannan shekara sha wahala a ban tausayi hadari, karo da truck. Bayan haka, ya rayu shekara shida. Rasha lissafin kimiyya, Nobel Prize nasara ba safai cimma wannan fitarwa, wanda ya a Lev Landau. Duk da wuya rabo, ya} unshi duk mafarki da kuma sanya a gaba daya sabon tsarin kula da kimiyya.

max Haifi

Jamus likita ta Nobel, sharhi da kuma kafa jimla makanikai da aka haife shi a 1882. A nan gaba marubucin muhimmanci ƙwarai a kan ka'idar dangantakar, electrodynamics, falsafar tambayoyi, da motsi na ruwa da kuma da yawa wasu yi aiki a Birtaniya, kuma a gida. A farko horo ya kasance a cikin makarantar sakandare tare da wani harshe nuna bambanci. Bayan makarantar sakandare, sai ya shiga Jami'ar Breslau. A kan aiwatar da koyo halarci laccoci da sanannen lissafi na lokaci - Feliksa Kleyna, David Hilbert da Germana Minkovskogo. A 1912 ya aka bayar a wuri a Göttingen mataimakin farfesa, da kuma a shekara ta 1914 ya tafi birnin Berlin. Tun shekara ta 1919, ya yi aiki a Frankfurt a matsayin farfesa. Daga cikin abokan aikinsa ya Otto tsananin, a nan gaba Nobel Prize lashe, wanda mun riga an gaya. A cikin ayyukansu, Bourne bayyana daskararru da kuma jimla ka'idar. Na zo bukatar musamman fassarar da kalaman-barbashi kwayoyin halitta. Ya tabbatar da cewa, dokokin kimiyyar lissafi na microworld za a iya kira ilimin kididdiga da cewa kalaman aiki dole ne a fassara a matsayin wani hadadden yawa. Bayan zuwa ga iko, da Nazis koma Cambridge. Ya koma zuwa Jamus kawai a 1953, kuma ya karbi kyautar Nobel a shekarar 1954. Zan har abada zama a cikin tarihi na kimiyyar lissafi kamar yadda daya daga cikin mafi m theorists karni na ashirin da.

Enrico Fermi

Ba mutane da yawa zasu samu nasara a Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi zo daga Italiya. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne inda aka haife Enrico Fermi, mafi muhimmanci gwani na karni na ashirin. Ya kasance mahaliccin nukiliya da neutron kimiyyar lissafi, kafa da dama kimiyya makarantu da kuma wani memba na Academy of Sciences na Tarayyar Soviet. Bugu da kari, Fermi nasa ne babban adadin msar tambayar aiki a filin na firamare barbashi. A shekara ta 1938, ya koma Amurka, inda ya gano wucin gadi radioactivity, da kuma gina na farko a tarihin 'yan adam da makaman nukiliya reactor. A wannan shekara ya aka bayar da kyautar Nobel. Sha'awa, da gonaki da wani mamaki memory, godiya ga wanda ya kasance ba kawai wuce yarda iya likita, amma kuma da sauri koya waje harsuna da taimakon kai-binciken, wanda ya zo a cikin wata tarbiyya, bisa ga nasu tsarin. Wadannan ne iya sakewa da shi ko da a cikin jami'a.

Nan da nan bayan horo, sai ya fara lacca akan jimla ka'idar, wanda a wancan lokaci a Italiya an kusan ba karatu. Da farko bincike a electrodynamics ma cancanci da hankali. A kan hanyar zuwa nasarar da Fermi kamata a lura da Farfesa Mario Corbijn, suka yaba da gwaninta na kimiyyar da ya zama majiɓinci, a Jami'ar Roma, samar da matasa mai ban mamaki aiki. Bayan ya koma Amurka ya yi aiki a Las Alamos da Chicago, inda ya rasu a shekarar 1954.

Erwin Schrödinger

Austria msar tambayar likita wanda aka haifa a 1887 a Vienna, industrialist iyali. A m mahaifinsa shi mataimakin shugaba na gida Botanical da Zoological al'umma da kuma daga farkon shekarun shuka a dansa ta sha'awa cikin kimiyya. Don shekara goma sha ɗaya Erwin aka ilimi a gida, da kuma a 1898 ya shiga ilimi makaranta. Brilliantly gama da shi, sai ya shiga University of Vienna. Duk da cewa da zaba sana'a ya jiki, Schrodinger ya nuna da kuma mutum talanti: ya san shida waje harsuna, rubuta wakoki da kuma masani a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Nasarori a daidai kimiyyar da aka yi wahayi zuwa da Fritz Gazenrolem, talented malami Erwin. Shi ya taimaki dalibai su fahimci cewa kimiyyar lissafi ne da babban amfani. Domin ya doctoral rubutun Schrödinger zaba cikin gwaji aiki, wanda ya ya iya kare brilliantly. Ya fara aiki a jami'a, a cikin abin da masanin kimiyya tsunduma a yanayi da wutar lantarki, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, acoustics, launi ka'idar da jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Tuni a cikin shekara ta 1914 shi soma wani mataimakin farfesa, wanda ba shi damar gabatar da lacca. Bayan da yaki, a 1918, ya fara aiki a Cibiyar Physics na Jena, inda ya yi aiki tare da Max Planck da Einstein. A 1921 sai ya fara koyar da a Stuttgart, amma bayan daya semester ya koma Breslau. Bayan wani lokaci, na samu wani gayyatar daga Polytechnic a Zurich. A lokacin daga shekarar 1925 zuwa 1926 ya za'ayi da dama neman sauyi gwaje-gwajen, da aka buga takarda kira "quantization a matsayin matsalar da nasu dabi'u." Yana halitta wani muhimmin lissafi ga halin yanzu da kuma kimiyyar zamani. A shekara ta 1933 ya karbi Nobel Prize, sa'an nan aka tilasta su bar kasar: Nazis zo da wuta. Bayan da yaki ya koma kasar Austria, inda ya rayu dukan sauran shekaru kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1961, a ƙasarsa ta Vienna.

Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen

Shahararren Jamus gwaji likita haife shi a Lennep, cewa a kusa da Frankfurt, a 1845. Bayan nazari a Zurich Polytechnic, ya shirya zai zama injiniya, amma ya san cewa yana sha'awar msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi. Ya zama wani mataimaki daga cikin sashen a cikin gida jami'a, sa'an nan ya koma Giessen. Daga 1871 zuwa 1873 ya yi aiki a Würzburg. A 1895 ya gano X-haskoki da hankali karatu dũkiyõyinsu. Ya kasance marubucin muhimmanci ƙwarai a kan pyroelectric da piezoelectric Properties na lu'ulu'u da magnetism. Duniya na farko Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi, samu da shi a 1901 ya fice taimako ga kimiyya. Bugu da kari, shi ya yi aiki a cikin X-ray Kundt makaranta, zama a irin na kafa wata kimiyya trends, aiki tare da Sahaban - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. Duk da daukaka da ta yi nasara experimenter, ya gudanar da fairly secluded rayuwa da kuma ya yi magana na musamman tare da mataimakansa. Saboda haka, da tasiri na da ra'ayoyin kan kimiyyar lissafi da cewa ba almajiransa a nan, ba ma muhimmanci. A fadin masanin kimiyya ki sunan haskoki a cikin girmamawa, a rayuwa kiran su X-haskoki. Su samun kudin shiga, sai ya ba da jihar da kuma rayu a sosai ƙunci yanayi. Ya mutu Wilhelm Roentgen Fabrairu 10, 1923 a Munich.

Albert Einstein

The duniya-sanannen likita, an haife shi a Jamus. Ya kasance mahaliccin da ka'idar dangantakar da rubuta muhimmanci ayyuka a jimla ka'idar, wani waje memba na Rasha Academy of Sciences. Tun 1893 ya rayu a Switzerland, da kuma a shekara ta 1933 ya koma Amurka. Einstein ya gabatar da ra'ayi na photon, kafa dokoki na photoelectric sakamako da kuma annabta gano kara kuzari watsi. Ya ɓullo da ka'idar Brownian motsi da kuma hawa da sauka, kazalika da halitta a jimla statistics. Na yi aiki a kan matsaloli na cosmology. A 1921 ya karbi Nobel Prize for ya samu na photoelectric sakamako na dokokin. Bugu da kari, Albert Einstein ne daya daga cikin babban initiators da kafa Isra'ila. A cikin thirties, ya yi magana fitar da Nazi Jamus da kuma kokarin kiyaye 'yan siyasa daga m mataki. Ya ra'ayi game da nukiliya matsala ba a ji, cewa shi ne babban bala'i na masanin kimiyya ta rayuwa. A shekarar 1955, ya mutu a Princeton daga aortic aneurysm.