Nitration na toluene: Reaction lissafi

Bari mu magana game da yadda za a nitration na toluene. Tattalin kamar wancan ta maida martani mai babbar dama semifinished kayayyakin amfani a cikin yi da nakiyoyi, magunguna.

Muhimmancin nitration

Benzene Kalam kamar yadda aromatic nitro mahadi suna samuwa a cikin zamani sinadaran masana'antu. Nitrobenzene a aniline ne tsaka-tsaki samfurin, turare, Pharmaceutical samar. Shi ne mai kyau kwarai da sauran ƙarfi ga mutane da yawa kwayoyin mahadi, ciki har da cellulose, kuma nitrite samar da wata gelatinous salla tare da shi. A man fetur masana'antu da shi da ake amfani da matsayin purifier for lubricating mai. Lokacin da nitration na toluene shirye benzidine, aniline, aminosalicylic acid, phenylenediamine.

Halaye na nitration

Nitration halin mashiga NO2 kungiyar a cikin kwayoyin na kwayoyin fili. Dangane da fara abu, wannan tsari fitowa via wani m, nucleophilic, electrophilic inji. The aiki barbashi aiki a matsayin nitronium cations, ions da radicals NO2. Toluene nitration dauki nufin da sauyawa. Ga wasu kwayoyin abubuwa iya canzawa nitration, da kuma Bugu da kari na biyu bond.

Nitration na toluene a wani kwayoyin na aromatic hydrocarbon ne da za'ayi amfani da nitrating acid (sulfuric da nitric acid). A kara kuzari farfado da kaddarorin sulfuric acid hidima a matsayin tsari na nufin vodotnimayuschego.

aiwatar lissafi

Nitration na toluene ya shafi canzawa na daya hydrogen zarra ta nitro. Ta yaya makirci na gudana aiwatar?

Domin bayyana nitration na toluene, da dauki lissafi za a iya wakilta kamar haka:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ar-NO2 + H2 Ya

Yana ba ka damar da za a yi masa hukunci kawai a kan janar Hakika na hulda, amma ba ya bayyana duk siffofin da wannan tsari. A gaskiya akwai wani dauki tsakanin aromatic hydrocarbons da kuma samfurori da nitric acid.

Ganin cewa samfurin yana da wani ruwa kwayoyin, shi rage taro na nitric acid, nitration na toluene haka slows. Domin kauce wa wannan matsala, da tsari ne da za'ayi a low yanayin zafi ta amfani da nitric acid a cikin wani wuce haddi adadin.

Bugu da kari na sulfuric acid a matsayin dehydrating jamiái amfani , acetic anhydride, polyphosphoric acid, boron trifluoride. Sun taimaka snizat amfani da nitric acid, kara yadda ya dace da hulda.

A nuances na aiwatar

A nitration na toluene aka bayyana a cikin karni na sha tara marigayi V. Markovnikov. Ya ya iya kafa wata mahada tsakanin gaban a dauki cakuda mayar da hankali sulfuric acid da kuma aiwatar kwarara kudi. A zamani samar nitrotoluene anhydrous nitric acid ake amfani, dauka a kadan wuce haddi.

Bugu da ƙari, sulfonation da nitration na toluene ya shafi yin amfani da samuwa dehydrating boron fluoride bangaren. Its gabatarwa a cikin dauki tsari na samar da damar rage kudin da samfurin samu, abin da ya sa samuwa da nitration na toluene. Jadawalin gudãna aiwatar kullum sun kasance a matsayin haka:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ar-NO2 + BF3 · H2 Ya

Bayan kammala dauki ruwa da aka gabatar, inda ya isa cikin monohydrate boron fluoride dihydrate siffofin. Yana da aka cire a vacuo, sa'an nan ƙara alli fluoride, ya dawo zuwa na ainihi fili form.

Bayani dalla-dalla na nitration

Akwai wasu siffofin na aiwatar hade da zabi na reagents, substrate ta amfani dauki. Ka yi la'akari da wasu daga cikin mafi zaɓuɓɓuka:

• 60-65 bisa dari nitric acid a cakuda 96 bisa dari sulfuric acid.
• cakuda 98% nitric acid da kuma mayar da hankali sulfuric acid a gare dauki kadan kwayoyin abubuwa.
• potassium nitrate ko ammonium tare da mayar da hankali sulfuric acid - shi ne mai kyau zabi don samar da polymer na nitro mahadi.

The motsi na nitration

Aromatic hydrocarbons, hulda tare da cakuda sulfuric da nitric acid, nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov iya faye hali bayani dalla-dalla na hulda. A tsari faruwa a dama, saukarwa. Nitrosernaya acid da aka farko kafa, wanda shigarsu dissociation a ruwa-ruwa bayani. Nitronium ions ake mayar da martani tare da toluene ta samar a matsayin samfurin nitrotoluene. Lokacin da kara zuwa cakuda ruwa kwayoyin faruwa a lokacin deceleration.

A kaushi da kwayoyin halitta - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - damar da samuwar na cation kara da kudi na nitration.

A sakamakon nitronium cation a haɗe zuwa aromatic tsakiya na toluene, haka kafa tsaka-tsaki. Bugu da ari, akwai wani proton rata, da zai kai ga samuwar nitrotoluene.

Ga cikakken bayanin da gudana aiwatar mu iya la'akari da samuwar wani "sigma" da "pi" hadaddun. Ilimi "sigma" na hadaddun ne rate-iyakance mataki na hulda. A dauki kudi da aka kai tsaye alaka da rapidity na nitronium cation da aka makala da carbon zarra a cikin nucleus din aromatic mahadi. proton tsagawa kashe na toluene ne da za'ayi kusan nan take.

Kawai a cikin wasu yanayi, akwai iya zama wasu matsaloli tare da maye hade da wani gagarumin farko sanadin motsi isotope sakamako. Wannan shi ne saboda da hanzari na da dawowar aiwatar a gaban cikas na daban-daban iri iri.

A lokacin da zabi wani mai kara kuzari da kuma wani dehydrating wakili tare da mayar da hankali sulfuric acid tsari akwai ma'auni motsi zuwa ga samuwar dauki kayayyakin.

ƙarshe

Yana kafa a nitration na toluene nitrotoluene, wanda shi ne mai muhimmanci da samfurin na sinadaran masana'antu. Yana da wannan abu ne mai m fili, don haka bukatar a ayukan iska mai ƙarfi ayyukan. Daga cikin matsalolin muhalli hade tare da m yi, ka lura da yin amfani da wani gwaji adadin mayar da hankali sulfuric acid.

To jimre da wannan matsala, chemists suna neman hanyoyin da za a rage sharar sulfuric acid samu bayan nitration tsari. Alal misali, da tsari ne da za'ayi a ƙananan yanayin zafi, da matsakaici amfani da shi ne sauƙin regenerable. Sulfuric acid na da karfi oxidizing Properties, wanda barnatar da rinjayar da lalata da karafa ne ta ƙara hatsari ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A yarda da duk aminci matsayin yiwu mu jimre wa wadannan matsaloli, sami high quality nitro mahadi.