Lokacin na farko da motoci bayyana a Rasha?

Lokacin na farko da motoci bayyana a Rasha? Kafin amsa wannan tambaya, ya kamata mu fahimci manufar abin da yake a mota.

Mene ne mota

The kalmar "mota" kunshi sassa biyu. "Auto" - shi ne na Greek asali kuma yana nufin "kai" da kuma "motsi" a Latin nufin "motsi".

Sai dai itace cewa da mota - shi ne mai na'urar da za su iya matsawa da kansa. Wannan ne, wannan tsarin ya kamata a yi da kansa mota inji - tururi, gas, da wutar lantarki, man fetur, dizal - ko da abin da, kawai don amfani da shi don kunna dabaran. Saboda haka, da farko mota bayyana a Rasha a lokacin ƙirƙira wasu gwani zane, iya motsa ba tare da taimakon doki gogayya da murdede mutum kokari.

Amma duk da haka cikin magabatan na cikin gida mota masana'antu kamata a yi la'akari da Rasha "lefties" wanda za a iya tilasta su motsa da kayayyaki ba tare da sa hannu na dawakai, da kuma ba su ambatar su zai zama m.

Asalin da m mota masana'antu

Tarihi na farko Rasha mota fara Nuwamba 1, 1752, a St. Petersburg. Akwai aka farko da aka nuna hudu wheeled karusa, wanda ya iya tafiya ba tare da taimakon da dawakai da sauran daftarin dabbobi. Shi ne mai karfe inji aka saita a tashin da taimakon musamman tsara da ƙofofi, da murdede kokarin mutum guda. Karusa iya ɗauka, a Bugu da kari ga direba, biyu sauran fasinjoji da haka koma a gudun 15 km / h. Zanen na na'ura an talakawa serf-sanar, ya rayu a cikin Nizhny Novgorod yankin - Shamshurenkov Leonty Lukyanovich. Ya halicci wani inji, ba shakka, ba za a iya dauke da wani mota, amma abin da ke ba su kasance keken.

Yawa kusa da saba mana da hangen nesa daga cikin mota ya a Rasha zanen Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.

ƙungiya Kulibina

Structure, ƙirƙira Kulibin kunshi wani uku wheeled shasi a kan wanda biyu mota da aka shigar. Driver kansa, da aka ayi a baya da wannan wurin zama ya bi da bi sa matsa lamba a kan biyu pedals, hade tare da juyawa daga cikin dabaran inji. Crew Kulibina musamman na ƙwarai da cewa ya ƙunshi kusan dukan muhimmanci abubuwa na nan gaba abin hawa zane, da kuma wanda ya yi na farko a yi amfani da karusarsa canjawa giya, braking na'ura, da bearings da ƙafa.

Fitowan na farko mota a Rasha

A 1830, K. Yankevich wanda yake furuci master of zaune a yanki harkokin, tare da mataimakansa taru "Bystrokat" - a kai-propelled wheeled inji tare da wani tururi engine. A engine da wani na'urar dangane da kayayyaki na tururi ikon raka'a I. I. Polzunova, ME Cherepanov da P. K. Frolova. Kamar yadda wani da man fetur, bisa ga kirkiro, shi ne za a yi amfani da Pine gawayi.

The zane ya a rufe wagon dabaran, wanda bayar, ban da sarari ga direba, da kuma wani dakin da fasinjoji.

Duk da haka, da inji ya sosai amfani da tsauraran matakan da wuya don amfani. Saboda haka, da zane na na'ura tabbatar da unsustainable. Duk da haka, shi ne na farko cikin gida mota a Rasha, abin da gaske za a iya dauke da wani real kai-propelled inji tare da wani tururi engine.

Bayyanar da engine cewa zai iya gudu a kan man fetur, samar da impetus ga kara raya daga cikin motocin, kamar yadda wanda ya yi, saboda su gwada da m size, na iya zama tushen tuki da karfi domin nan gaba motocin.

A farko motoci tare da ciki konewa injuna a Rasha

A cewar wasu masana tarihi da masu bincike, da farko mota tare da wani na ciki konewa engine aka gina a 1882, a wani karamin gari a kan Volga. Da mawallafa na inji sun injiniyoyin da Putilov Hlobil. Duk da haka, aikin hukuma takardun, dogara tabbatar da wannan, don haka same kuma shi ya ba. Saboda haka, an yi imani da cewa matukar farko motoci a Rasha, sanye take da wani ruwa-man fetur injuna da aka shigo da daga kasashen waje.

A 1891 Vasily Navorotskim, aiki a matsayin edita na daya daga cikin Odessa jaridu a Rasha da aka shigo da Faransa mota "Panhard Levassor." Sai dai itace cewa a karon farko a kasar mu fetur mota ga mazauna Odessa.

Kafin zuwa Rasha Empire, babban birnin kasar na ci gaba a cikin wani nau'i na man fetur da motoci kai kawai 4 shekaru daga baya. 9 ga watan Agusta, 1895 St. Petersburg gan farko fetur kai-propelled na'ura. A kadan daga baya, 'yan daga wadannan motoci da aka kawo wa babban birnin kasar.

A fili, bayyanar shigo da model a duniya kasuwar ya tura ga mataki da kuma m zane injiniyoyi.

Rasha ta farko mota tare da konewa engine

A 1896 a Nizhny Novgorod nuni ga jama'a Viewing aka gabatar mota cikakken m taro, sanye take da wani fetur engine. Motar da aka mai suna "Car Frese da Yakovlev," a cikin girmamawa da zanen kaya - E. A. Yakovleva da P. A. Freze. Yakovlev A shuka samar watsa da kuma engine ga mota. Shasi, ƙafafun da jiki da kanta ta samar a factory Frese. Duk da haka, ba za mu iya ce cewa bayyanar Rasha mota shi ne kawai abin yabo na Rasha injiniyoyi.

Yammacin koyi ga Rasha mota

Mafi m, Frese da Yakovlev zuwa tsirar da na'ura amfani da gwaninta na Jamus zanen Benz, da kuma misali da aka dauka ta hanyar motarsa "Benz Victoria", wadda suka samo ta hanyar ziyartar 1893 Nunin a Chicago, inda ya nuna, kamar yadda sanyata kuma a da bayyanar da m mota ne sosai kama da Jamusanci samfurin.

Duk da haka, ya kamata biya haraji to da Rasha injiniyoyi, da mota ba a dukansa-mallakar kwafin na waje takwaransa. Shasi, jiki da kuma powertrain m mota da aka muhimmanci inganta, wanda aka accentuated a cikin latsa na lokacin, a hankali tracking da latest aukuwa a cikin filin binciken da kuma ƙirƙirãwa.

Rubuce sigogi m inji, kazalika da zane, ba su kiyaye su. All shari'u na mota bisa tsira daga wannan lokaci, kwatancin da kuma hotunan. A gaskiya, ko da shi ba a san yadda da yawa da aka samar a duk inji wannan jerin. Amma a wani hali, wadannan su ne na farko da motoci a Rasha, daga abin da serial samar da Rasha motoci.

The gama line for farko na man fetur da motoci

A tarihin na mota, tattara Frese da abõkinsa, da sauri ƙare. A 1898, injiniya da industrialist Yakovlev mutu, cewa, a gaskiya, shi ne farkon karshen for 'ya'yan fari na cikin gida da mota masana'antu. Mutuwa abõkinsa Frese tilasta saya injuna domin motoci kasashen waje, da, ba shakka, shi ne musamman disadvantageous a gare shi. A 1910, ya sayar duk kafa samarwa Rasha-Baltic masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa.

Duk da haka, da cewa da farko motoci a Rasha m samarwa aka godiya Yakovlev da Frese, har abada rubũtacce a cikin tarihi na cikin gida da mota masana'antu, kazalika RBVZ ya mataki na gaba a cikin ci gaban da Rasha mota samar.

Rasha-Baltic carload factory (RBVZ)

A farko Rasha mota alama da aka hukumance mai suna "Russo-Balt". Karkashin shi, a shekara kafin sayen Frese factory, lokacin rani na 1909, kamfanin samar da farko mota na ta kansa samar.

Cars na wannan alama sun tabbatar da kansu a matsayin robust da kuma sosai m, cewa ya tabbatar da nasarar motoci musharaka a cikin dogon-nesa runs, mota gasa har ma a duniya rallies. Akwai rubuce-gaskiyar cewa daya daga cikin motoci, aka saki a 1910 a karkashin alama ce "C-24", 4 shekaru na aiki ya wuce 80 dubu. Km ba tare da manyan breakdowns da kuma gyare-gyare. Ko da na sarki gareji sanya wani tsari don biyu model na motoci a 1913, "K-12" da "C-24".

60% na abin hawa jiragen ruwa na Rasha sojojin kunshi inji "Russo-Balt". Bugu da ƙari, da shuka sayi ba kawai cars, amma kuma da shasi don amfani a motocin yaki.

An muhimmanci al'amari ne da cewa kusan dukkan sassa, aka gyara da kuma sunadaren da shuka da aka samar da kansa. Kasashen waje sayi kawai tayoyin, ball bearings, kuma karfin man gauges.

RBVZ nuna motoci a manyan yawa, kuma a cikin kowane daga cikinsu akwai wani kusan cikakken interchangeability raka'a da kuma sassa.

A 1918 kamfanin da aka nationalized da kuma ci gaba da tarihin duka biyu sulke shuka.