Mossbauer sakamako: sakamakon da samu da kuma ta muhimmanci

A labarin da tattaunawa game da abin da Mossbauer sakamako. Har ila yau ya bayyana Concepts kamar jimla makamashi matakan a zarra kuma wani atomic tsakiya, m kuma na gama quasiparticle a cikinta.

Ilmin Lissafi fun

A nasara a kimiyyar lissafi da cewa ya faru a shekarun farko-farkon karni na ashirin, masana kimiyya sun bukaci tsanani ilmi a cikin ilmin lissafi. Mutane da yawa binciken da aka janye, saboda haka yin magana, a kan tip na alkalami: a farko suka lasafta rubuce sa'an nan a samu a yi.

Alal misali, da wanzuwar gravitational taguwar ruwa annabta da Einstein a 1910, sun iya tabbatar da gwaje kawai a shekara ta 2016. A ci biyu neutron taurari Ya halitta tremors sarari cewa terrestrial kimiyyar lissafi kama da gyarawa da bude wannan zamanin na gravitational ma'aunai a cikin kimiyya na bil'adama. Ba abin mamaki ba nauyi da aka ambata a nan: wato irin wannan nazarin ne Mossbauer sakamako darajar. Amma wannan shi ne banda maimakon mulkin. Mafi sau da yawa, theorists da experimenters taka a juna ta sheqa, daya binciken ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa da bukatar ta ilmin lissafi description, kuma m ƙarshe zama zaton sabon, ba tukuna karbi dependencies. Mössbauer sakamako yana daya daga cikin mamaki. Irin wannan "gefe" sabon abu ne na zato da Max Planck bayyana a karshen shekarar 1900. Yana ce cewa a cikin duniyar electrons da atomic nuclei, duk yawa iya kawai kai mai hankali da dabi'u, da cewa shi ne quantized. Kuma, a kansa ra'ayi, shi ne kawai wani ilmin lissafi zamba, wanda sanya kirga sauki. Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa ya yi imani da cewa jimla, ko da karami zai yiwu rabo daga, misali, haske - kawai dace hanya don bayyana, ba mai dauke da tsanani jiki da hankali.

A jimla duniya

Duk da haka, wasu malamai sha'awar wani isasshen bayanin abin da ke faruwa a kan sikelin da kwayoyin halitta, dauke da yiwuwar irin wannan ƙarshe, kuma ya dauki shi domin ba da duk abin da yake quantized. A electrons a kusa da tsakiya iya kawai a kan wasu falakinsu nuclei kansu iya kawai da takamaiman makamashi matakan. Skipping therebetween, nuclei samar da gamma haskoki. Mossbauer sakamako ta bayar da hujjar cewa mataki ya kamata a samar da irin take, amma wannan ba ya faru. A general, duk da yawa da bayyana hali na nanoworld ne batun quantization - cewa shi ne mai hankali. Amma kar ka manta da cewa da lokacinta cewa a cikin macrocosm da aka bayyana a matsayin samfurin da kudi na taro don na farko barbashi ne wani abu fundamentally daban-daban, wanda ke nufin cewa ya, ma, shi ne quantized. Saboda haka cewa kimiyya rahoton a cikin abin da Maks plank samu ya shahara dabara da cewa yana dauke da darajar h, ko kadan sakamako, ya bude wani sabon zamanin. Wannan shi ne zamanin da jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Mossbauer sakamako, fassarar, wanda daga baya aka bai wa wannan sabon abu, sun zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci turakun na kimiyya na karni na ashirin.

A samu na Mössbauer sakamako

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, da msar tambayar karshe ya tafi hannu da hannu tare da gwaji. Wasu m karshe ya tabbatar da on shuke-shuke tattara a zahiri "a kan gwiwa", kuma daga ya da kayan. Masana kimiyya sun iya su ba kawai nuna da dabara, amma kuma rufe tulu, a yanka da kwamitin yin aiki tare da karfe da kuma tara da kafuwa. Hakika, da shugaban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje ne kawai ya takaita da sakamakon su unguwanni. Duk da haka, kowane experimenter shi ma injiniya ne, a matsayin na'urorin aka tsara don takamaiman dalilai, da kuma kai tsaye a cikin bincike tsari. Na yi ba togiya da Mossbauer sakamako. Bude shi zai ba faru idan wani m doctoral Rudolf Mossbauer canza ba da hanyar aunawa da sanyaya naúrar, maimakon dumama shi, kamar yadda ya shawarci ta duba na karatu.

m

A ka'idar, wanda za mu gaya masu karatu a wannan sashe, ga alama bayyana da farko duba. Duk da haka, kamar yadda ne da sani, da sauki ko da yaushe cinma m kokarin. Kuma haka mu yanzu iya gaya a cikin sauki kalmomi abin da Mossbauer sakamako ga dummies a zahiri, da zarar yi aiki da dukan dakin gwaje-gwaje.

A karkashin m mafi yawa ana nufin wani abu a cikin wani crystalline jihar. A nuclei na kwayoyin halitta a cikin wannan harka ta samar da wata tsananin lokaci-lokaci raga, alhãli kuwa da electrons a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri takaita. Hakika, karfe lu'ulu'u kafa sosai musamman ƙarfe bond ta hanyar abin da na tsakiya zama kamar su raba daga jimlace electrons. A electron girgije rayuwa da ta m dokar, ba biya da hankali ga da hali na crystal raga. A lu'ulu'u wanda gabatar mafi gargajiya ionic da covalent shaidu, da electrons more hankali hade da "su" nuclei. Amma akwai su ne free don matsawa tsakanin makwabta nodes fiye da a gas ko ruwa.

M sa Properties ba kawai da sinadaran abubuwa da suke a gare su, amma kuma da fasali na da tsari na atoms zumunta da juna. A classic misali da wani carbon tsarin ya haifar da taushi graphite, da kuma sauran - mafi wuya halitta abu - lu'u-lu'u. Saboda haka abin da irin connection, kuma fasali na naúra cell nufi mai yawa ga wani m jiki. A Properties daga cikin m, kuma shi ne da watsuwar abin da Mossbauer sakamako. Its yanayi ne da ya bayyana kamar haka: duk da kwayoyin halitta a wani m suna hade.

gama quasiparticles

Yanzu kaga wani isasshe manyan uku-girma raga. Domin model mafi m gishiri: Na kuma CL suna located in da vertices na cubes, daya bayan daya. Idan ko ta yaya ansu rubuce-rubucen daya zarra kuma ja shi da karya da yawan wuri na balance, godiya ga wani isasshe m connection, bayan ya ja da makwabta kwayoyin halitta. Lissafi nuna cewa canji a cikin matsayin da zuciyar yana da akalla wani gagarumin tasiri a kan da makwabta na uku domin. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan "ansu rubuce-rubucen" sodium, bi ja makwabtaka da chlorine kwayoyin halitta, sodium atoms wadannan shi daya outermost Layer na chlorine. A tasiri na wannan shi ne wata ila za a mika a duk inda. A mafi yawa ana ce da ta huɗu-domin perturbation makwabta ne negligible. Duk da haka, ba su da sifili.

Saboda haka, idan ko ta yaya "buga" crystal karfi (msl. Don ya aike shi a Laser ko electron katako), da crystal raga so "tãguwar ruwa". Irin wannan na gama motsi lokacin da da yawa makwabta kwayoyin halitta a cikin crystal lokaci guda matsawa ji, msl, sama ko ƙasa, da ake kira phonons. Samuwa don bayyana abin da Mossbauer sakamako ga dummies, ba za mu tafi cikin cikakken bayani da kawai gaya maka cewa phonons aka samu nuna hali kamar na farko barbashi. Alal misali, da samar da makamashi ne quantized, suka mallaki zango lokacinta kuma suna iya hulɗa tare da juna. Saboda haka, phonons ake kira na gama quasiparticles. Da lambar kuma ingancin da m jiki ne ba a tsarin a cikin abin da suka faru. Lissafi da shi na iya zama, sanin size, fasali da kuma iri na kwayoyin halitta na naúra cell. A kan abin da ya faru na phonon kuma zai shafi tsawon kuma irin shaidu tsakanin ions a cikin crystal raga.

band ka'idar

Tun da m ya takaita dukan electrons, da kuma orbitals (kuma inganta su makamashi) Ya kamata kuma a jimlace. Da farko, dole ne mu tuna cewa electrons cikin wannan aji na barbashi kira fermions. Fermi, Dirac da Pauli tare gano cewa, a cikin daya jiha na iya zama a cikin tsarin, daya ne kawai irin wannan barbashi. Idan muka koma ga misali na salts, kowane crystal, wanda muka yayyafa miya ko nama, hada da wani m adadin sodium da kuma chloride ions. Kuma kowane daga cikinsu yana da guda yawan electrons, wanda juya a kan m falakinsu. Ta yaya za a iya cewa zama? A m zo daga halin da ake ciki kamar haka: makamashi na kowanne electron orbiting a kusa da tsakiya, kadan daban-daban daga duk wani sauran makamashi electrons na ga wannan kewayewa da wani zarra. Kamar wancan shi samu: a cikin crystal wanzu musamman yawa makamashi matakan abin da ya bambanta daga juna isasshe kananan samar da wata matsa yankin. A perturbations wanda gabatar phonons kananan saboda daya zarra jeri ba da karfi. Duk da cewa zance ne na gama motsi a matsayin dukan. Saboda haka, phonon makamashi, kamar dai shi "narkar" a fannin makamashi. Bisa ga wannan da Mossbauer sakamako.

electromagnetic sikelin

The motsi na cajin barbashi ne tare da wani electromagnetic filin. Wannan al'amari yana sanya, misali, dalilin da ya sa daya duniya da kuma tauraron dan adam mallake su, yayin da wasu - ba. Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa za a iya subdivided cikin azuzuwan bisa ga mita sabili da haka makamashi. Wadannan biyu halaye ne juna da kuma dogara a kan zango. Mene ne Mossbauer sakamako iya kawai a takaice, bayar da cewa mai karatu ya fahimci inda electromagnetic sikelin aka located gamma radiation. Saboda haka, bude sama da hanyoyin sadarwa sikelin. Rubuce iyakance zango - girma talikai. Duk da haka, da samar da makamashi irin radiation zai zama haka kananan cewa ba shi yiwuwa don rijista. Dan kadan mafi girma mita a cikin terahertz radiation. Duk da haka, shi ne, da igiyoyin rediyo ana lura a sosai musamman yanayi: hanawa na electrons a wani Magnetic filin, flexural vibrations na polymers, da motsi na excitons a cikin m. More bayyana gaba ɓangare na electromagnetic bakan - da infrared radiation. Yana Canza wurin samar da makamashi a nau'i na zafi. Ko mafi girma makamashi na bayyane haske. Wannan ɓangare na bakan da cewa mutum ido gani ne sosai kananan idan aka kwatanta da dukan sikelin.

Red haske yana da mafi ƙasƙanci da makamashi, da kuma shunayya - mafi girma. A wannan connection, an san paradox: da more ruwan sanyi da aka nuna a blue, wanda makamashi ne mafi girma fiye da na ja haske. Wadannan cewa ultraviolet rabo daga electromagnetic sikelin riga yana mai isasshe high mita su shiga cikin wani m. Duk da cewa mutane, kamar sauran halittu masu rai a wannan duniya tamu, ba su sani ba ultraviolet da haske, da muhimmancin ga dace aiki na nazarin halittu kwayoyin ne babban. Babban tushen ultraviolet nazari ne da rana. Higher makamashi da kuma ikon shiga da yawa abubuwa yana da X-ray. A tushen wannan radiation ne deceleration na electrons a electromagnetic filayen. A electrons na iya zama duka shinge, Ina nufin kawai kwayoyin zarra da free. A na'urorin kiwon lafiya sun na'urorin da free electrons. A karshe, cikin toughest kuma mafi short-kalaman ne gamma radiation.

X-haskoki da gamma

Mossbauer sakamako da kuma aikace-aikace a kimiyyar lissafi da aikin injiniya bukatar ya rarrabe tsakanin gamma haskoki da X-haskoki. By da matakin da makamashi da kuma, daidai da, da zango sunã a cikin wani sosai m kewayon zoba. Wannan shi ne, akwai wani gamma da X-haskoki da wani zango na 5 picometres. Hanyoyi daban-daban domin su shiri. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a sama, da X-radiation faruwa a lokacin da deceleration na electrons. Haka kuma, a wasu matakai (ciki har da makaman nukiliya) vuya electron daga ciki harsashi isasshe nauyi zarra, kamar uranium. Duk da haka, wasu electrons ayan kai da wuri. Irin wannan miƙa mulki, da kuma zama wani tushen X-haskoki. Gamma haskoki ne sakamakon da tsakiya Canji daga wata babbar m jihar. Wannan radiation yana da babban iya shiga ikon da ionizes kwayoyin halitta abin da interacts. A cikinsu a lokacin da gamma ray collides da tsakiya zarra, dole ne a can da ake kira kickback. Duk da haka, a yi da shi ya juya daga cewa hulda da gamma haskoki da tsakiya zarra na ga m jiki, da tasiri da ya bace. Wannan bayani da cewa ƙarin makamashi, kamar yadda aka "smeared" ta lantarki makada na crystal, samar da wani phonon.

isotopes

Mossbauer sakamako da kuma ta aikace-aikace ne a hankali alaka da daya m, gaskiya ne: sabon abu ba aiki a kan dukkan sinadaran abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur. Haka kuma, shi ne muhimmi ne kawai domin wasu abubuwa isotopes. Idan mai karatu yana ba zato ba tsammani manta abin da isotopes yi tunani. An sani cewa wani ba zarra ne electrically tsaka tsaki. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin nucleus din m protons kamar yadda a cikin electron harsashi. Duk da haka, da zuciyar ma ƙunshi wani neutron, barbashi ba tare da cajin. Idan ka canza lambar a tsakiya, lantarki neutrality ba keta, amma da kaddarorin na zarra canza dan kadan. Bugu da kari, shi ya faru da cewa mutum isotope ne rediyoaktif da yake yiwuwa ga lalata, yayin da talakawa al'amari ne quite barga. Quite jerin kankare abubuwa da su isotopes, wanda aka halin da Mossbauer sakamako. Ganewa na ⁵⁷ Fe, misali, an kullum amince da wannan sabon abu.

A amfani da jimla effects

Amfanin kwarewa, wanda aka tabbatar da daya ko wasu jarrabawa alaka da microscopic duniya, shi ne sau da yawa ba sauki. Bugu da kari, shi ne m abin da abũbuwan amfãni a iya kawo wannan sakamako Mossbauer? A amfani da shi, duk da haka, shi ne fadi da isa. Bincike na kaddarorin crystalline kayan, amorphous daskararru da finely comminuted powders auku, ciki har da via wannan jimla sabon abu. Irin bayanan da ake bukata a fairly m daga yi sassan (msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi), da kuma a kusa sosai mutumin tarbiyya - kamar magani. Saboda haka, Mossbauer sakamako da kuma ta yin amfani da ya kamata a gani a matsayin wani misali na msar tambayar samu, abinda ya kawo amfani mai yawa, har ma a rayuwar yau da kullum.