Mene ne wani gravitational kalaman?

The hukuma ranar bude (ganewa) na gravitational taguwar ruwa an dauke su Fabrairu 11, 2016. An sa'an nan da aka gudanar a Washington, a taron manema labarai, shugabannin haɗin gwiwar LIGO, an sanar da cewa tawagar da masu bincike ya yi nasara a karon farko a tarihin 'yan adam zuwa ga gyara wannan sabon abu.

Annabce-annabce na babban Einstein

Gaskiyar cewa gravitational taguwar ruwa zama, ko a farkon karni na karshe (1916) da shawarar Albert Einstein tsara a cikin tsarin na Janar Dangantakar (GR). Daya iya kawai mamaki da m damar iya yin komai daga cikin shahararrun likita, wanda ya iya ya yi irin nisa-kai karshe tare da mafi ƙarancin na ainihin data. Daga cikin wasu jiki mamaki annabta cewa sami tabbaci a gaba karni (inda hakan ya saukar da nassi na lokaci, canje-canje a electromagnetic radiation a cikin shugabanci na gravitational filayen, da dai sauransu) Kusan gane gaban irin wannan kalaman hulda da jikinsu, sai kwanan nan shi ne, ba zai yiwu.

Nauyi - wani mafarki?

Kullum, a cikin hasken da ka'idar dangantakar nauyi wuya a karfi. Wannan shi ne sakamako na perturbation ko curvature daga cikin sarari-lokaci maras iyaka. A da kyau misali domin ya nuna wannan hakan iya miƙa yanki na zane. A karkashin nauyi sanya a kan wani surface wani girma abu ne kafa wani sako. Wasu abubuwa a tashin kusa da wannan anomaly zai canza yanayin su motsi, kamar yadda aka "janyo hankalin". Kuma mafi nauyin da abu (ƙara diamita da kuma curvature zurfin), da girma da "karfi na janye." Lokacin da ta motsa a kan masana'anta, za ka iya duba da fitowan na bamban "ripples".

Wani abu irin wannan ke faruwa a duniya sarari. Wani hanzari motsi m al'amari ne tushen hawa da sauka a cikin da yawa daga sararin samaniya da kuma lokaci. A gravitational kalaman tare da wani gagarumin mawadãta, kafa jikuna da musamman manyan talakawa ko lokacin tuži da babban accelerations.

jiki bayani dalla-dalla

Hawa da sauka a cikin sarari-lokaci awo bayyana kansu kamar yadda canje-canje a cikin gravitational filin. Wannan sabon abu ne wanda kuma ake kira sarari-lokaci ripples. Gravitational kalaman rinjayar da jiki da kuma abubuwa ci karo, squeezing kuma mikewa su. Iri adadin su ne kadan - da oda na 10 ^-21 na asali size. A dukan wahala da ganewa na wannan sabon abu ne cewa masu bincike da su koyi yadda za a auna da kuma rikodin wadannan canje-canje ta amfani da kayan aiki da ya dace. Ikon gravitational radiation ne ma musamman low - domin dukan hasken rana tsarin, shi ne 'yan kilowatts.

A yaduwa gudun da gravitational taguwar ruwa dan kadan ya dogara da kaddarorin da gudanar da matsakaici. A oscillation amplitude da nisa daga tushen rage-rage hankali amma ba kai sifili. A mita ta'allaka a cikin kewayon daga dama dubun ga daruruwan hertz. The gudun gravitational taguwar ruwa a cikin interstellar matsakaici fuskanci gudun haske.

yanayi hali ne shaida

A karo na farko a msar tambayar tabbatar da wanzuwar gravitational taguwar ruwa gudanar a samu Amirka falakin Joseph Taylor da kuma Russell Hulse mataimakansa a shekara ta 1974. Nazarin Universe via kawo nesa kusa observatories Arecibo (Puerto Rico), masu bincike gano pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 wakiltar wani binary tsarin na neutron taurarin da juya a kusa da wani na kowa cibiyar taro a akai kusurwa gudu (rare harka). A kowace shekara magani lokaci ne 3,75 sa'o'i da farko, rage zuwa 70 ms. Wannan darajar ne daidai da karshe na GTR lissafai cewa hasashen da karuwa a gudun juyawa daga cikin wadannan tsarin saboda da kuzari ga ƙarni na gravitational taguwar ruwa. Daga baya fiye da biyu pulsars da fari dwarfs da irin wannan hali da aka samu. Radio ilmin taurari D. Taylor da kuma R. Hulse Nobel Prize a Physics ga gano sabon yiwuwa na karatu gravitational filayen aka bayar, a 1993.

Sata gravitational kalaman

A farko sanarwa na ganowa gravitational taguwar ruwa samu daga Jami'ar Maryland masanin kimiyya Dzhozefa Vebera (USA) a 1969. A saboda wannan dalili ya yi amfani da biyu gravitational antennas na nasu zane, rabu da nesa na biyu kilomita. A resonant injimin gano illa ya mai kyau vibration-ware Silinda-kafa yanki da aluminum, sanye take da piezoelectric transducers m. A mawadãta daga zargin gyarawa hawa da sauka Weber tabbatar da fiye da miliyan fiye da sau ran. Kokarin da wasu masu bincike ta amfani da irin wannan kayan aiki maimaita "nasara" na American likita da sakamako mai kyau ba bada. Bayan 'yan shekaru na aikin Weber a cikin wannan yanki da aka gane wanda arzikinsa ya karye, amma ba impetus zuwa cin gaban "gravitational albarku" da kira a cikin wannan yanki na nazarin kwararru da yawa. Af, Dzhozef Veber har mutuwarsa ya tabbata dauki gravitational taguwar ruwa.

Inganta da liyafar kayan aiki

A cikin 70s masanin kimiyya Bill Feyrbank (USA) ya ɓullo da wani zane na gravitational-kalaman eriya, sanyaya ta ruwa helium, tare da yin amfani da SQUIDs - supersensitive magnetometer. Data kasance a lokacin da fasahar ba a yarda ya gani da ya kirkiro da samfur naka, gane a cikin "karfe".

Bisa wannan ka'ida da aka yi Auriga da gravitational injimin gano illa a lenyarskoy National Laboratory (Padova, Italy). Dalili tsarin aluminum-magnesium Silinda da kuma tsawon mita 3 da diamita na 0.6 m. The mai karɓar naúrar nauyin 2.3 ton aka dakatar a wani zama ruwan dare, sanyaya zuwa kusa da cikakkar sifili injin jam'iyya. Domin kam kuma shake ganowa da karin kilogram resonator da wani ma'auni tsarin dangane da kwakwalwa. The bayyana muhimmancin da kayan aiki 10 ^-20.

interferometers

Dalili na aiki na interferometric gravitational kalaman gane kafa wannan ka'idodin da aka yi amfani da a Michelson interferometer. Jefarwa da tushen na Laser katako ne zuwa kashi biyu qarqashinsu. Bayan mahara tunani da kuma tafiya a kan kafadu da na'urorin gudana ake tãra sake, da kuma karshe hukunci tsangwama image aka shafa idan cikin shakka daga cikin haskoki da wani tashin hankali (misali, gravitational kalaman). Irin wannan kayan aiki da aka halitta a cikin kasashen da dama:

• Geo 600 (Hannover, Germany). A tsawon injin rami 600 mita.
• Tama (Japan) tare da kafadu a 300 m.
• Virgo (Pisa, Italy) - hadin gwiwa Faransa da Italiyanci aikin, ta kaddamar a shekara ta 2007 tare da uku-kilometer dogon Tunnels.
• LIGO (United States, Pacific Coast), manyan farauta domin gravitational taguwar ruwa a 2002.

Last cancanci a duba a cikin mafi daki-daki.

LIGO Advanced

Aikin da aka qaddamar da masana kimiyya a Massachusetts da kuma California Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha. Ya hada biyu observatories rabu da 3 da dubu. Km, Louisiana da kuma Washington (birni na Livingston da Hanford) tare da uku m interferometers. A tsawon perpendicular injin rami ne 4 dubu. Mita. Wannan shi ne mafi girma zuwa yanzu data kasance m Tsarin. Har shekara ta 2011, da yawa yunkurin gane gravitational taguwar ruwa ba bada wani sakamakon. A gwaji da haɓaka (Advanced LIGO) ta ƙara ji na ƙwarai daga kayan aiki a cikin kewayon 300-500 Hz fiye da sau biyar, kuma a cikin low-mita yankin (har zuwa 60 Hz) ne kusan wani tsari na girma, kai wani darajar wannan coveted 10 ^-21. A sabunta aikin fara a watan Satumba na 2015, da kuma} ungiyoyi fiye da dubu ma'aikata na haɗin gwiwar an sãka musu da sakamakon.

Gravitational taguwar ruwa da ake samu

Satumba 14, 2015 sun ci gaba LIGO gane a 7 ms tazara rubuta sauko wannan duniya tamu ta gravitational taguwar ruwa daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ya faru a kan fringes na observable sararinduniya - mai ci na biyu manyan baki ramukan da talakawa na 29 da kuma 36 sau mafi girma daga hasken rana taro. A lokacin fitina, wanda ya faru a kan 1.3 Ga suka wuce, a kan wani al'amari na seconds to gravitational kalaman radiation ta kashe game da uku da hasken rana da talakawa da al'amarin. Harufan gyarawa mita gravitational taguwar ruwa a 35 Hz, kuma matsakaicin ganiya darajar da matakin kai a 250 Hz.

A sakamakon samu aka akai-akai hõre m gwaji da kuma magani, a hankali yanke madadin fassarori daga cikin bayanai. A karshe, a kan Fabrairu 11 a bara a kan kai tsaye ganewa na sabon abu annabta da Einstein, an sanar wa duniya al'umma.

Gaskiya dake bayyana wani Titanic aiki na masu bincike: amplitude na oscillation hannu na size ne 10 ^-19 m - wannan darajar a matsayin sau da yawa karami fiye da diamita zarra, nawa ya na da ƙasa da orange.

nan gaba masu yiwuwa

Wannan samu sake tabbatar da cewa janar ka'idar dangantakar - shi ne ba kawai wani sa na m dabarbari, da kuma gaba daya sabon look at jigon gravitational taguwar ruwa da kuma nauyi a matsayin dukan.

A kara nazarin, masana kimiyya da fatan high a kan Elsa aikin: halittar wata katuwar orbiting interferometer da kafadu game da miliyan 5 km, iya ganowa ko qananan perturbations na gravitational filayen. Farfadowa daga cikin aikin a cikin wannan shugabanci ne iya gaya mai yawa game da ainihin matakai na raya kasa na duniya, da matakai, da kallo da cewa a cikin gargajiya makada ne wuya ko ba zai yiwu ba. Babu shakka cewa baki ramukan, gravitational taguwar ruwa, wanda za a gyarawa a nan gaba, da yawa magana game da yanayi.

Domin nazarin relic gravitational radiation, iya magana game da farko lokacin da mu duniya, bayan Big Bang, za bukatar karin m sarari kida. ), но его реализация, по заверениям специалистов, возможна не ранее, чем через 30-40 лет. Wannan aikin wanzu (Big Bang Observer), amma ta aiwatar, da tabbaci na masana, shi ne zai yiwu ba a baya fiye 30-40 shekaru.