Ilimi:, Ilimin sakandare da makarantu
Chemical da kuma jiki Properties baƙin ƙarfe
Iron shine sanadiyar sanadiyar sanannen. Yana nufin matsakaici don aikin sinadarai na karafa. Ana tattauna abubuwan da kayan aiki na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin wannan labarin.
Yanayin jima'i a yanayi
Akwai adadi mai yawa na ma'adanai, wanda ya hada da ferrum. Da farko, yana da magnetite. Yana da saba'in da biyu bisa dari baƙin ƙarfe. Its sinadaran dabara - Fe 3 Ya 4. Wannan ma'adinai kuma ana kiransa nau'in ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Yana da launin launin toka mai haske, wani lokaci tare da launin toka mai launin toka, ƙasa zuwa baki, tare da luster mota. Babban yawansa a cikin kasashen CIS yana cikin Urals.
Ma'adinai na gaba da ƙarfin baƙin ƙarfe shine hematite - yana da saba'in bisa dari na wannan kashi. Its sinadaran dabara - Fe 2 Ya 3. An kuma kira shi saƙar baƙin ƙarfe. Yana da launi daga launin ja-launin ruwan kasa zuwa m-m. Mafi girma filin a CIS yana cikin Krivoy Rog.
Na uku na ma'adinai a cikin abun da ke cikin fure shine limonite. A nan ƙarfin shine kashi sittin cikin jimlar jimla. Wannan crystalline, Ina nufin a crystal raga saka ruwa kwayoyin, ta sinadaran dabara - Fe 2 Ya 3 • H 2 O. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan ma'adinai yana da wani yellow-brownish launi, wani lokacin ruwan kasa. Yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake amfani dasu na halitta kuma ana amfani dasu azaman pigment. An kuma kira shi ƙarancin baƙin ƙarfe. Mafi yawan wurare shine Crimea, Urals.
A cikin siderite, abin da ake kira karamin baƙin ƙarfe, kashi arba'in da takwas na ferrum. Its sinadaran dabara - FeCO 3. Tsarinsa ya bambanta kuma yana kunshe da lu'ulu'u na launuka daban-daban sun haɗa tare: launin toka, kodadde kore, launin toka-rawaya, launin ruwan kasa-rawaya, da dai sauransu.
Wannan karshen shi ne ma'adinai na halitta wanda yake faruwa tare da babban abun ciki na pyrumite, pyrite. Shi yana da sinadaran dabara FeS 2. Iron a ciki shi ne kashi arba'in da shida cikin jimlar yawan. Dangane da furotin sulfur, wannan ma'adinai yana da launi na zinariya.
Ana amfani da yawancin ma'adinai da ake amfani dashi don samar da ƙarfe mai tsarki. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da hematite wajen yin kayan ado daga duwatsu masu kyau. Ana iya samun haɗin pyrite a cikin kayan ado na lapis lazuli. Bugu da ƙari, a yanayi, an samo baƙin ƙarfe cikin kwayoyin rai - yana daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tantanin halitta. Wannan ƙwayarwa dole ne ya shiga jikin mutum a cikakkun yawa. Abubuwan da aka warkar da ƙarfe suna da yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan sinadarin sinadaran shine tushen haemoglobin. Sabili da haka, yin amfani da furen yana shafar yanayin jinin, sabili da haka, na dukan kwayoyin halitta.
Iron: kayan jiki da hade
Ka yi la'akari da waɗannan biyu daga waɗannan manyan sassan. Jiki Properties na baƙin ƙarfe - ne ta bayyanar, yawa, dab aya, da dai sauransu Wancan ne, duk da bayãnin hukuncin fasali na abubuwa da ake dangantawa da kimiyyar lissafi ... Abubuwan da sunadaran sunadarai sune ikon yin maganin tare da wasu mahadi. Bari mu fara tare da farko.
Kayan jiki na ƙarfe
A cikin tsari mai tsabta, a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada, abu ne mai mahimmanci. Yana da launi mai launin launin shuɗi da launi mai laushi. Gidan kayan aikin injuna sun haɗa da matsanancin matakin Mohs. Ya daidaita da hudu (matsakaici). Iron yana da halayyar wutar lantarki mai kyau da kuma yadda zazzabi na thermal yake. Za'a iya jin dadin karshe ta taɓa taɓa abu mai ƙarfe cikin ɗaki mai sanyi. Tun da yake wannan abu yana da sauri ya haifar da zafi, yana ɗaukar babban ɓangare daga jikinka a cikin gajeren lokaci, sabili da haka kuna ji sanyi.
Har ila yau a cikin kayan jiki na baƙin ƙarfe shi ne ferromagnetism. Mene ne? Iron, wanda kyawawan dabi'un da zamu iya gani a kan misalai na yau da kullum, shine kawai karfe wanda ke da irin wannan siffar ta musamman. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan abu yana iya magnetize a ƙarƙashin aikin filin filin. Kuma bayan an gama ƙarfe na karshe, kayan haɓakaccen abu wanda kawai suka kafa, ya kasance kansa a magnet na dogon lokaci. Irin wannan abu ne za'a iya bayyana ta hanyar cewa a cikin tsarin samfurin da aka ba da shi akwai mai yawa electrons kyauta waɗanda ke iya motsawa.
Daga ra'ayi na ilmin sunadarai
Wannan nau'ikan yana nufin ƙananan ƙwayoyin aiki. Amma sunadaran sunadarai na baƙin ƙarfe suna da mahimmanci ga dukan sauran ƙananan ƙarfe (sai dai wadanda suke da hakkin hydrogen a cikin jerin zaɓuɓɓukan lantarki). Zai iya amsawa da yawancin abubuwa da yawa.
Bari mu fara da sauki
Ferrum yayi hulɗa tare da kilo, nitrogen, halogens (iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine), phosphorus, carbon. Abu na farko da za a yi la'akari shi ne dauki tare da oxygen. Lokacin da aka ƙone ƙarfin, an kafa oxides. Dangane da yanayin yanayin da karuwar tsakanin mahalarta biyu, zasu iya zama daban-daban. A matsayin misali na irin wannan interactions iya haifar da wadannan dauki lissafi: 2Fe + O 2 = 2FeO. 4Fe + 3O 2 = 2Fe 2 Ya 3; 3Fe + 2O 2 = Fe 3 Ya 4. Kuma dukiyoyi na iron oxide (duka jiki da sunadarai) za a iya bambanta, dangane da iri-iri. Irin wannan yanayi ya faru a yanayin zafi.
Na gaba shine hulɗa da nitrogen. Hakanan zai iya faruwa ne kawai a yanayin zafi. Idan muka dauki nau'i na baƙin ƙarfe shida da kwayoyin nitrogen ɗaya, mun sami nau'i biyu na nitride na baƙin ƙarfe. A dauki lissafi ne kamar haka: 6Fe + N 2 = 2Fe 3 N.
Lokacin da hulɗa tare da phosphorus, an kafa phosphide. Don aiwatar da aikin, irin waɗannan nau'ikan sun zama dole: guda uku na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin phosphorus, wanda ya haifar da samuwar kwayar daya daga phosphide. A lissafi za a iya rubuta kamar haka: 3Fe + P = Fe 3 P.
Bugu da ƙari, tsakanin halayen da abubuwa masu sauki, yana yiwuwa a raba dangantakar da sulfur. A wannan yanayin, yana yiwuwa a sami sulphide. Ka'idar da tsarin aiwatar da wannan abu yake faruwa shine kama da abin da aka bayyana a sama. Wato, ƙarawar ta faru. Don duk hulɗar sinadarai irin wannan, yanayi na musamman yana buƙatar, yawanci yanayin zafi, da kuma sau da yawa maɗaukaki.
Abubuwan da ke tsakanin ƙarfe da halogens ma sun kasance a cikin masana'antun sunadarai. Wannan shi ne chlorination, bromination, iodination, fluoridation. Kamar yadda ya bayyana daga sunayen sunayen halayen da kansu, wannan shine tsari na ƙari da ƙwayoyin chlorine / bromine / iodine / fluorine zuwa ƙananan ƙarfe don samar da chloride / bromide / iodide / fluoride, bi da bi. Ana amfani da waɗannan abubuwa a wurare daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfin zai iya haɗuwa tare da silicon a yanayin zafi. Saboda gaskiyar sunadaran sunadarai sun bambanta, ana amfani dasu a cikin masana'antun sunadarai.
Feruru da abubuwan hadaddun
Daga abubuwa masu sauki za mu ci gaba da wa anda wadanda kwayoyin sun ƙunshi abubuwa biyu masu mahimmanci daban-daban. Abu na farko da aka ambaci shi shine aikin da ke cikin ruwa. A nan, ana nuna alamun ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe. Lokacin da mai tsanani ruwa tare da baƙin ƙarfe kafa asali oxide (shi ne ake kira don haka saboda shi Forms hydroxide, a cikin wasu kalmomi a lokacin da hulda da su da ruwa guda - tushe). Saboda haka, idan ka ɗauki nau'i daya daga dukkan abubuwa, abubuwa da suka hada da ferric dioxide da hydrogen a matsayin gas tare da wari mai ban sha'awa sun samo asali, kuma a cikin nau'i na nau'i daya daga ɗaya. A lissafi na irin halayen za a iya rubuta kamar haka: Fe + H 2 Ya = FeO + H 2. Dangane da yanayin da aka haɗa waɗannan naurorin biyu, za'a iya samun di-ko trioxide na baƙin ƙarfe. Dukkan wadannan abubuwa sune na kowa a masana'antun sunadarai, kuma ana amfani da su a sauran masana'antu.
Tare da acid da salts
Tunda yake da tashar lantarki a hagu na hydrogen a cikin jerin kayan aiki na electrochemical, zai iya kawar da wannan kashi daga mahadi. Misali na wannan shine maye gurɓata, wanda za'a iya kiyayewa ta ƙara ƙarfe ga acid. Alal misali, idan gauraye a daidai matauni rabbai na baƙin ƙarfe ne da sulfate acid (aka sulfuric) talakawan taro, a sakamakon da muka samu baƙin ƙarfe sulfate (II) da kuma hydrogen a daidai matauni rabbai. A lissafi na irin wannan dauki zai yi kama da wannan: Fe + H 2 SO 4 = FeSO 4 + H 2.
Lokacin da ake amsa da salts, an nuna rage kayan aikin ƙarfe. Wato, tare da taimakon wannan zaka iya zaɓar abin da ba a taɓa aiki ba daga gishiri. Alal misali, idan muka dauki daya mole na jan karfe sulfate da wannan Ferrum, za mu iya samu baƙin ƙarfe sulfate (II) da kuma m jan karfe a daidai matauni rabbai.
Muhimmanci ga jiki
Daya daga cikin abubuwan sinadarai mafi yawan sunadarai a cikin qarqashin ƙasa shine ƙarfe. Properties na al'amarin mun riga dauke, da kuma a yanzu muka zo da shi daga wani nazarin halittu ra'ayi. Ferrum na yin tasiri mai mahimmanci duka a matakin salula da kuma matakin kowane kwayoyin. Da farko, baƙin ƙarfe shine asalin gina jiki irin su hemoglobin. Wajibi ne don ɗaukar iskar oxygen ta jini daga huhu zuwa ga dukan kyallen takalma, gabobin, zuwa kowane kwayar halitta, musamman ga ƙananan kwakwalwa. Sabili da haka, amfanin kimar amfani da baƙin ƙarfe baza a iya cika shi ba.
Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa yana shafar samfurin jini, ƙarfin yana da mahimmanci don yin aiki na glandan thyroid (wannan ba buƙatar kawai aidin ba, kamar yadda wasu suka yi imani). Bugu da ƙari, baƙin ƙarfe yana shiga cikin intracellular metabolism, regulates rigakafi. Duk da haka katako a cikin adadi mai yawa yana kunshe a cikin hanta Kwayoyin, tun da yake yana taimaka wajen magance abubuwa masu cutarwa. Har ila yau, yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin nau'o'in enzymes a cikin jiki. Ya kamata kowa ya ci abinci na yau da kullum daga goma zuwa ashirin miligrams na wannan alama.
Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙarfe
Akwai su da yawa. Su ne kayan lambu da dabba. Na farko shine hatsi, legumes, hatsi (musamman buckwheat), apples, namomin kaza (fari), 'ya'yan itatuwa masu sassauci, furen kare, pears, peaches, avocado, kabewa, almonds, kwanakin, tumatir, broccoli, kabeji, blueberries, blackberries, celery da sauransu. Na biyu - hanta, nama. Yin amfani da abinci tare da abun ƙarfin baƙin ƙarfe yana da mahimmanci a lokacin daukar ciki, tun da jikin tayin da aka kafa yana buƙatar babban adadin wannan sifa don cikakken ci gaba da bunƙasa.
Alamar rashi a jikin baƙin ƙarfe
Kwayoyin cututtuka na ƙananan ƙarfin shiga cikin jiki suna da gajiya, daskarewa da hannayensu da ƙafafunku, damuwa, ƙusar gashi da kusoshi, rage aikin ilimi, rikice-rikice masu ciwo, rashin talauci, abubuwan hauka a cikin glandar thyroid. Idan ka lura da dama daga cikin wadannan bayyanar cututtuka, to, yana da daraja don ƙãra yawan samfurori tare da abun ƙarfe a cikin abincinka ko saya bitamin ko abincin abincin da ke dauke da ƙarfe. Har ila yau wajibi ne a tuntubi likita idan wani daga cikin wadannan alamun da kake jin dadi sosai.
Amfani da kayan aiki a cikin masana'antu
Aikace-aikace da kaddarorin ƙarfe suna da alaƙa da alaka. Dangane da fasaha, an yi amfani da shi don yin magudi - a matsayin mafi raunin ga asali na gida (kyauta ta firiji, da dai sauransu), kuma ga masu karfi - don dalilai na masana'antu. Saboda gaskiyar cewa karfe a cikin tambaya yana da ƙarfin da ƙarfin hali, an yi amfani da ita tun daga zamanin da don yin makamai, makamai da wasu kayan aikin soja da na gida. A hanyar, a zamanin d Misira masarar meteorite aka sani, dukiyarsa ta wuce abin da na kayan aiki. Har ila yau ana amfani da irin wannan ƙarfe na musamman da kuma a zamanin Ancient Roma. Daga gare ta suka sanya makamai masu daraja. Wani garkuwa ko takobi da aka yi da meteoric metal zai iya zama mai arziki da daraja mutum.
Gaba ɗaya, ƙarfe, wanda muke la'akari a cikin wannan labarin, shine mafi amfani da dukkanin abubuwa na wannan rukuni. Da farko, yana samar da karfe da kuma simintin baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ake amfani dasu don samar da samfurori iri iri da ake bukata a masana'antu da cikin rayuwar yau da kullum.
Cast baƙin ƙarfe ne na baƙin ƙarfe da carbon, wanda na biyu ya kasance daga 1.7 zuwa 4.5 bisa dari. Idan na biyu ba shi da kasa da 1.7 bisa dari, to ana kiran wannan nau'in karfe. Idan carbon a cikin abun da ke ciki ya kasance kimanin kashi 0.02 cikin dari, to, wannan shi ne ƙarfin fasaha na gari. Kasancewar carbon a cikin gami ya zama dole ya ba shi ƙarfin karfi, kwanciyar zafi, tsatsa tsatsa.
Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfe na iya ƙunsar wasu abubuwa masu sinadarai kamar tsabta. Wannan shi ne manganese, da phosphorus, da kuma silicon. Har ila yau, a cikin wannan nau'i don ya ba da wasu halayen halayya za'a iya ƙara chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten da sauran abubuwa masu sinadaran. Nau'in karfe, wanda akwai babban adadin silicon (kimanin kashi hudu), ana amfani dashi azaman mai juyawa. Wadanda suke da yawa manganese (har zuwa goma sha biyu ko goma sha huɗu bisa dari), ana amfani da su a cikin sassa na dogo, musa, da sauran kayan aiki, wasu daga cikinsu ba su da saurin cirewa.
An kafa Molybdenum a cikin allurar don sa shi ya zama mai haɓakaccen sanyi - ana amfani da irin wannan turken a matsayin kayan aikin kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, don samun duk abin da aka sani kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin gida a cikin nau'i na wuka da wasu kayan aikin gida na baƙin ƙarfe marasa kyau, yana da muhimmanci don ƙara chromium, nickel da titanium zuwa gami. Kuma domin samun damuwa, ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfe, ƙarfe don ƙara vanadium zuwa gare ta. Tare da gabatarwar niobium, yana yiwuwa a cimma babban tsayayya da lalata da abubuwa masu haɗari.
Ma'adinai na ma'adinai, wadda aka ambata a farkon labarin, ana buƙata don yin kwakwalwa, katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da wasu na'urorin irin wannan. Dangane da halayen magnetic Properties, ana iya samun ƙarfe a cikin na'urorin na'ura, motos, kayan lantarki, da dai sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya ƙara ƙarfe a allo na wasu ƙananan ƙarfe don ba su ƙarfin da ƙarfin jiki. Ana amfani da sulfur na wannan kashi a aikin noma don kula da kwayoyi (tare da jan karfe sulfate).
Shirin ƙarfe
M aiki karfe ake cirewa daga ta biyu manyan ma'adanai: magnetite da hematite. Shin wannan tare da wani akan rage baƙin ƙarfe daga ta carbon mahadi a cikin nau'i na coke. Wannan ne yake aikata a wani harin bom makera, a cikin abin da zazzabi kai dubu biyu da digiri centigrade. Bugu da kari, akwai wata hanya zuwa ga mayar da Ferrum hydrogen. A saboda wannan dalili gaban optionally wata tsãwa gagarumar wuta. Don aiwatar da wannan hanyar daukan musamman lãka, shi da ya garwaya da murƙushe tama da kuma bi da tare da hydrogen a shaft gagarumar wuta.
ƙarshe
The kaddarorin da kuma aikace-aikace na baƙin ƙarfe bambanta. Wannan watakila mafi muhimmanci a rayuwarmu karfe. Zama sani ga mutum, sai ya ɗauki wuri na tagulla, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban abu ga yi kayan aiki, da kuma makamai. Karfe, da baƙin ƙarfe, a da yawa hanyoyi m ga gami da tagulla, da kuza, cikin sharuddan da jiki Properties, da juriya ga inji danniya.
Bugu da kari, da baƙin ƙarfe, a wannan duniyar ta mu shi ne mafi kowa fiye da yawa wasu karafa. Mass sulusi da murabba'i a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi ne kusan kashi biyar bisa dari. Yana ne na huɗu mafi yawan sinadaran da rabi a yanayi. Har ila yau, wannan sinadari ne da muhimmanci sosai ga al'ada aiki na jiki na dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, musamman saboda yana dogara ne a kan gina haemoglobin. Iron ne mai muhimmanci alama kashi, da yin amfani da abin da yake da muhimmanci ga kiwon lafiya da kuma al'ada aiki gabobin. Bayan sama, shi ne kawai karfe cewa yana da musamman Magnetic Properties. Ba tare da Ferrum shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin rayuwarmu.
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