Mene ne polyploidy? Wace rawa ba shi wasa a zabin da kuma a cikin yanayi

Bayan karanta wannan labarin, za ka koyi abin da polyploidy. Za mu dubi rawar da ya taka. Za ka kuma koyi abin da su ne irin polyploidy.

ilimi polyploids

Da farko, gaya mana game da abin da ake nufi da wannan kalma m. Sel ko mutane da fiye da biyu sets na chromosomes ake kira polyploids. Polyploid Kwayoyin tare da low mita ne sakamakon "kuskure" mitosis. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da chromosomes rarrabu, kuma cytokinesis faruwa. Kamar wancan Kwayoyin za a iya kafa na biyu da yawan chromosomes (diploids). Idan suna wucewa ta cikin Interphase, zai raba, shi zai iya bayar da Yunƙurin zuwa (jima'i ko asexually) sabon mutane da Kwayoyin zai yi sau biyu, kamar yadda da yawa chromosomes fiye da iyayensu. Haka kuma, da aiwatar da samuwar - cewa shi ne polyploidy. Polyploid shuke-shuke za a iya samar artificially amfani colchicine - alkaloid suppressing da samuwar da mitotic dogara sanda da wani warwarewarsu microtubule samuwar.

Properties polyploids

Wadannan shuke-shuke volatility ne sau da yawa yawa narrower fiye da na da alaka da diploid, domin kowane gene da aka wakilta su a kalla sau biyu, da lambar. Bayan tsakiyan nonon da zuriyarsa homozygous a kan wasu recessive gene mutane dokoki kawai 1/16 maimakon 1/4 a diploids. (A lokuta biyu shi ne zaci cewa mita na recessive alleles ne 0,50.) Polyploidy peculiar selfing, da kara rage su volatility, duk da cewa su related diploids advantageously Cross pollinated.

Inda akwai polyploids

Saboda haka, mun amsa tambaya, abin da yake polyploidy. Amma inda akwai irin shuke-shuke?

Wasu polyploids aka fi saba da bushe wurare ko ƙananan yanayin zafi fiye da asali diploid form, yayin da wasu su ne mafi alhẽri dace don takamaiman gona da iri. Saboda wannan, ba za su iya shirya a wuraren da matsananci yanayi na zama, a cikin abin da diploid kakanninsa yiwuwa zai mutu ba. Tare da wani kananan mita da suka faru a da yawa na halitta alƙarya. Su ne wuta fiye da m diploids, zo a outbreeding. A wannan yanayin, da zaran iya samar m hybrids. Kadan polyploids matasan asalin kafa ta wajen maimaita yawan chromosomes a diploid bakararre hybrids. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin hanyoyi plodovistosti dawo.

A farko rubuce hali na polyploidy

Saboda haka, ƙasa da na kowa, ta hanyar polyploid hybrids kafa tsakanin radishes da kabeji. Wannan shi ne na farko da-rubuce harka na polyploidy. Dukansu danginsu kasance a cikin iyalin na crucifers kuma suna a hankali alaka. A somatic Kwayoyin , kuma da iri chromosomes ne 18, da kuma na farko meiotic metaphase 9 ko da yaushe gano nau'i-nau'i daga chromosomes. Tare da wasu wahala, shi da aka samu ta hanyar wani matasan tsakanin wadannan shuke-shuke. A meiosis, shi ya 18 unpaired chromosomes (9 da kuma 9 daga radish daga kabeji), kuma ya yi cikakken bakarare. Daga cikin wadannan matasan shuke-shuke polyploidy spontaneously kafa, a da a somatic Kwayoyin ya 36 chromosomes a lokacin meiosis da kuma a kai a kai kafa 18 nau'i-nau'i. A wasu kalmomin, polyploid matasan da duk 18 chromosomes matsayin radish, da kuma kabeji da suka gudana kullum. Wannan matasan da aka quite salon.

Polyploids-weeds

Wasu polyploids bayyana kamar weeds a wani filin alaka ayyukan mutane, da kuma wani lokacin su sun samu wadata. Daya sanannun misali - mazaunan gishiri Marshes na HALITTAR Spartina. Daya jinsunan, S. maritima (hoton da ke ƙasa), aka samu a cikin swamps tare ƙasar Turai da kuma Afrika. Wani irin, S. alterniflora, aka gabatar da Birtaniya a gabas na North America a 1800, daga baya kuma yada yadu, forming manyan gida mallaka.

alkama

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci polyploid shuka kungiyoyin za a iya dauke da wani irin alkama Triticum (hoton da ke ƙasa). The fi na kowa a duniya da hatsi da amfanin gona - m alkama (T. aestivum) - yana 2n = 42. Soft alkama samo asali akalla 8,000 da suka wuce, mai yiwuwa a cikin Tsakiya Turai, a sakamakon halitta hybridization na horar da alkama, wanda ya 2n = 28, tare da wani daji hatsi wannan irin abin da 2n = 14. Wild ciyawa, tabbas girma kamar weeds tsakanin alkama. Hybridization, ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa taushi alkama, iya faruwa tsakanin polyploidy bayyana daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin alƙarya na biyu iyayentaka jinsunan.

Shi ne wata ila cewa da zaran 42-chromosome alkama tare da amfani da ãyõyinMu fito a ribace-ribace na farko manoma, su nan da nan lura da shi da kuma zaba domin kara namo. Daya daga ta iyayentaka siffofin, 28-chromosome alkama da aka horar da, shi ne sakamakon da hybridization na biyu daji iri na chromosome 14 daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Nau'in na alkama, da 2n = 28, da kuma a yanzu ci gaba da za a horar da tare da 42-chromosome. Irin wannan alkama chromosome 28 ne babban tushen hatsi domin samar da taliya saboda da high adhesiveness na gina jiki. Ga irin rawa da polyploidy.

Triticosecale

Recent karatu sun nuna cewa sabon Lines samu ta hanyar hybridization iya inganta noma. Polyploidy a shuka kiwo da ake amfani sosai yadu. Musamman alamar rahama ne Triticosecale - kungiyar manmade matasan tsakanin alkama (Triticum) da kuma hatsin rai (Secale). Wasu daga cikin su, hada amfanin ƙasa na alkama da hatsin rai ruggedness, mafi barga mikakke tsatsa - cuta, haddasa mai girma lalacewar harkar noma. Wadannan Properties suna da muhimmanci musamman a high-tsawo yankuna na yammacin sahara da subtropics, inda tsatsa - babban factor iyakance namo na alkama. Triticosecale yanzu girma a kan wani babban sikelin da ya Popular a Faransa da kuma sauran ƙasashe. Mafi shahara shi ne a 42-chromosome layi na wannan hatsi. Yana da aka samu ta wajen maimaita yawan chromosomes bayan hybridization na chromosome 28 Alkama 14-chromosomal hatsin rai.

A bambancin da polyploids

A yanayi, suna dauka a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje yanayi, ba saboda ayyukan mutane. Su bayyanar - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci hanyoyin juyin halitta. Yau da yawa polyploid wakilci a duniya Flora (fiye da rabin dukkan shuka iri). Daga cikinsu akwai da yawa daga cikin muhimman amfanin gona - ba kawai alkama, amma kuma auduga, rake, banana, dankalin turawa, da kuma sunflower. Don wannan jerin za a iya kara mafi kyau lambu furanni - chrysanthemums, pansies, dahlias.

Yanzu da ka san abin da polyploidy. Ta rawa a aikin noma, kamar yadda za ka iya gani, shi ne sosai high.