Mene ne daban-daban game da wannan zamanin na Catherine da 2? tarihi hoto

M hunturu safe 12 Fabrairu 1744 ba tare da faruwa ta cikin iyakar ƙofar Riga, a kan ƙasa na Rasha Empire koma cikin karusa da mata biyu. Daya daga cikinsu shi matar sarki Jamus Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst - Johanna Elizabeth. Next zuwa ta zauna ta goma sha biyar shekara haihuwa 'yar, Sophia Augusta Frederika Angalt-Zerbst - nan gaba Rasha Empress da autocrat Catherine 2, da samun da ayyukansu Great title. Sunan wannan mace an haɗa daya daga cikin haske shafukan na kasa tarihi.

Rasha sun sami gādo

A zamanin mulkin Catherine 2 ya fara ne da wani fada juyin mulki 28 Yuni 1762, wanda a cikin sa jiya suna fadin, kuma m Jamus gimbiya, wanda ya karbi sunan Orthodoxy, Catherine, ya dauki wurin da ya warai mutane suke so matar Sarkin sarakuna Peter III.

Kamar yadda evidenced a memoirs Ekaterina 2, Rasha, gada daga ta tsohon Empress Elizabeth, yana cikin bukata na m gyara daga cikin dukan hanyarsa ta rayuwa. The sojojin da aka ba biya albashi, domin cikin taskar da aka musamman gajiya. A rashin dace kungiyar na gwamnati ya jagoranci wani dakushe cinikayya kamar yadda ta babban masana'antu da aka monopolized.

Tsanani matsaloli aka lura a cikin soja da kuma na sojan ruwa sassan. Keenly sanya kanta ji, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an gwamnati, wanda ya dauki kome daga manyan size a kowace shekara. Cin hanci da rashawa ta kãma sashen shari'a, amma dokokin sun kawai a kuma waɗannan lokuta inda ya m arziki da kuma m mutane.

Fice Figures na zamanin da Catherine mai girma

Kamar yadda wani dattaku daga cikin mafi girma ga daraja, Catherine da 2 matukar muhimmanci da inganci - da ikon kama duk wani mai hankali tunani, sa'an nan aiwatar da shi ga nasu dalilai. Mutane da cewa kasance wani ɓangare na 'yan rakiyarta, Empress tsince bisa laákari da masu sana'a halaye, ba tare da tsoron talented da haske mutane. Saboda wannan zamanin sarautar Catherine da 2 alama fitowan da dukan galaxy na fice statesmen, soja shugabannin, marubuta, mawaka da kuma artists. Shi ne da yanayin halitta a cikin wannan lokaci, ya taimaka don cikar bayyana kwarewarsu.

Har abada a cikin tarihi na Rasha da irin wannan Figures zamanin Catherine 2 matsayin janar-janar A. V. Suvorov da P. Rumyantsev, marubuta, da kuma DI Fonvizin A. Radishchev, Karamzin tarihi da kuma mawãƙi - da gada na A. S. Pushkina - G. Derzhavin. Kusa da su kuma ya kamata mu ambaci waɗanda suke tsaitsaye a asalin Rasha m al'ada - wani mawaki, malami da shugaba Dmitry Bortniansky, wani fitaccen mai kada violin Ivan Khandoshkin, kazalika da kafa na Rasha National Opera AV Pashkevich.

A shirin na mataki

A tarihin zamanin da Catherine 2 aka kafa a kan tushen da ayyuka, da kewayon wanda da Empress kayyade wa kansa kamar haka:

1. Ya kamata ku yi matuƙar himma, don ilmantar da al'umma, wadda ta ragu sarrafa.
2. Don tsara rayuwar al'umma, shi wajibi ne wahayi zuwa gare jama'a daraja data kasance dokoki.
3. Don kula ciki domin a jihar shi ne muhimmanci don ƙirƙirar wani 'yan sanda saduwa duk dole bukatun.
4. Wajibi ne a bayar da gudummawa ga flourishing na tattalin arziki da kuma yawan da shi.
5. Ya kamata cikakken inganta fama iyawa daga cikin sojojin, kuma ta haka ta da ikon Rasha a fuskar sauran jihohi.

A farkon aiwatar da tsare-tsaren

A dukan epoch na Catherine 2 ya da wani lokaci na aiwatar da wadannan tsãri. The sosai gaba shekara bayan zuwan zuwa iko, da Empress ya aiwatar da Majalisar Dattijan gyara zai ƙwarai inganta yadda ya dace da jama'a gwamnati. A sakamakon canje-canje yi aikin ikonsa, da majalisar dattijai, zuwa kashi 6 mutum sassan, da kuma rasa iko da jiha inji aiki, ya zama mafi girman shari'a da administrative cibiyoyin.

A secularization na coci asashe

An sani cewa Rasha a zamanin mulkin Catherine da 2 ya zama scene na manyan-sikelin yaƙi domin kau da (secularism) da kuma tuba a cikin wani asusu na gwamnatin coci asashe. Bukatar irin wannan mataki saduwa a wajen shubuha martani a cikin al'umma, aka sa ta so ta kowane hali cika jihar kasafin kudin gaira.

A sakamakon matakan dauka an soke 500 gidajen lama, wanda a yarda don canja wurin zuwa jihar ikon mallakar miliyan 1 serfs. Saboda wannan, mun fara samun gwaji kudi cikin taskar. A cikin gajeren lokaci da gwamnatin sãka bashin kafin sojojin da kuma gudanar da kwanciyar hankali da sauran tattalin arziki da rikicin. Daya sakamakon wannan tsari shi ma wani gagarumin weakening na da tasiri na coci a rayuwa na gwamnati al'umma.

Kokarin sake fasalin dokoki

Catherine Epoch 2 aka kuma alama ta wani yunkurin tada zuwa wani sabon matsayi na'urar ne ciki rai na Rasha. Empress yi imani da cewa mafi yawan rashin adalci a kasar nan zai iya cin nasara da doka hanya, ya ɓullo da wani sa na dokokin da saduwa da bukatun dukan strata al'umma. Ya ya kamata ya maye gurbin wanda aka rabu amfani da wani karni Majalisar Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, soma a 1649.

Domin ganin ta yi ciki a 1767 shi aka halitta dokoki Hukumar, kunsha na 572 wakilai, mai wakiltar cikin nobility, 'yan kasuwa da Cossacks. Ta aikin da aka hada da Empress. Bayan nazarin ayyukan Yammacin gabascin, shi ne wani daftarin aiki da ake kira "Umarnin na Catherine", kunsha na 20 surori kasu kashi 526 articles.

A da shi ya jaddada bukatar da ga caste tsarin da jihar da kuma halittar yanayi a shi, samar da wani karfi autocratic iko. Bugu da kari, da yawa daga cikin al'amurran da suka shafi jawabi, duka shari'a da kuma zalla halaye na kirki. Abin baƙin ciki, wadannan ayyukan da shi ba ya kawo sa ran sakamakon. Bayan shekaru biyu, da hukumar ta gaza wajen samar da zama dole ya kafa dokoki, domin duk membobinta sun a tsare kawai uzkososlovnyh maslahar su da gata.

yankin rabo na jihar garambawul

Yana da daraja ambata wani muhimmanci himma cewa ya dauka Catherine 2. A zamanin absolutism a duk kasashen duniya da aka halin da m Karkasa dalĩli. Domin ta fi tasiri tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha Empress shi ya yi niyya a 1775 wani sabon administrative division da ke jihar.

Daga yanzu a kan dukan ƙasa na kasar kunshi 50 larduna, 300-400 dubu. Mazauna kowane, wanda, bi da bi, zuwa kashi kananan hukumomi da jama'ar na 20 zuwa dubu 30. Man. Wannan ya bayar da gudunmawar ba kawai motsa jiki da iko a kan rayuwar kowa da kowa, har ma da mafi m yankunan kasar, amma kuma a mafi m lissafin kudi na haraji-biya shawa, cewa shi ne, mutane da suke su ne batun haraji.

Tsawo na gata na nobility

Catherine Period 2 ya sosai m zamani domin Rasha nobility. A 1785 na ga saki wani daftarin aiki ci gaba da Empress, kuma ya karbi sunan "Yarjejeniya da tsada." Bisa ga wannan sa na gata bayar a cikin nau'i na doka, wakilan da babba aji ya tsaya daga sharply daga sauran yawan jama'a.

Su ne aka tabbatar kebewa daga haraji da kuma wajabta jihar sabis, kamar yadda aka bude tun lokacin Bitrus 1. The laifi kuma} ararrakin batun da shawara na musamman daraja kotu, kuma da aka hana yin amfani da kofur azãba. Bisa ga Empress, shi ya ba da gudummawa ga eradication tsakanin manya servile tunani da ilimi a kai girma.

Empress - enlightener na mutane

Rasha a zamanin Catherine 2 sanya wani babban mataki a gaba a kan hanya na kasa ilimi. A sakamakon haka, na gaba jiha garambawul da aka za'ayi a cikin rãyuwar tsarin na sakandare ilimi. A cikin ta tsarin ko'ina Rasha ya fara aiki a yawan masu zaman kansu makarantun, daga gare su, da ilimi gida da tsada da kuma birane da makarantu, kazalika da cibiyoyin ga Manzon Allah Sallallahu akwai mãtã. Bugu da kari, a lardin tartsatsi ba Estate biennial hudu-shekara County da kuma birni makarantu. A sakamakon haka, ci gaban hanyoyin da koyar da daban-daban tarbiyya da aka gabatar na kowa horo da tsare-tsaren.

A zamanin Catherine ilimi 2 tunawa kamar yadda halittar mata tsarin ilimi. A farkon da shi da aka dage farawa a cikin wuyan St. Petersburg a 1764, da Smolny Institute for Noble akwai mãtã da kuma samar da su da Educational Society. Daga yanzu, matasa noblewoman ya ba kawai ya mallaki dama waje harsuna, amma kuma koyi da dama ilimi tarbiyya.

A zamanin mulkin Catherine da 2 Rasha Academy of Sciences, tanã fita zuwa unprecedented tuddai, da ya dauka wani abu matsayi a Turai. kimiyyar lissafi dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma Observatory, a Botanical lambu da kuma wani hukuma na curiosities, dissecting kuma m dakunan karatu da aka halitta a kan ta da asali. Saboda haka, al'adun zamanin da Catherine 2 ya gina wani m tushe don kara raya kimiyya da tunani a Rasha.

Ayyukan ƙwarai Empress

Lokacin da Catherine 2, rightfully sanã'anta da lakabi na Great, An ci gaba a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. Abu mai muhimmanci ya karu kasar yawan jama'a, wanda shi ne mai babbar wasiya ga inganta rayuwar al'ummarta. A sakamakon haka, akwai lokatan daruruwan sabon garuruwa da kauyuka. A unprecedented lokacinta sabon ci gaba sun samu masana'antu da kuma noma, tare da sakamakon cewa Rasha farko da ya fara fitarwa hatsi. Duk wannan ya ba da muhimmanci karuwa a kudaden shiga, wanda a yarda a kara aljihun 4 sau.

The sunan Empress, kuma suna da alaka ta biyu muhimmanci events in Russian tarihi kamar bayyanar takarda kudi da kuma farkon lamba da smallpox, tare da Catherine, to kafa misali ga wasu, da farko a yarda a sa kansu alurar riga kafi. Tun da rigakafin wannan mummunan cuta, costing dubban rayuka, an gudanar a ranar akai-akai.

Fadada na ƙasar Rasha

Undeniable isa yabo na Catherine Mai girma, da kuma fa] a] iyakokin kasar. A lokacin da shekaru na ta sarautar wars aka yi yaƙi sau biyu tare da Ottoman Empire (1768-1774 da kuma 1787-1791 gg.). A sakamakon nasarar Rasha iya samar da wani kanti to Black Sea, kuma sun hada da, a abun da ke ciki na ƙasa, da aka sani da Little Rasha. Wadannan sun hada da Crimea, Northern Black Sea Coast, da kuma Kuban yankin. A 1783, Rasha dauki karkashin kasa na Georgia.

Catherine Epoch 2 da aka featured kamar yadda abubuwa da suka shafi bangare na Poland. A sakamakon aiki tashin da ya faru a 1772, 1793 da kuma 1795 a Rasha sake-shigar da ƙasa da aka yanke daga ta a cikin tsohon zamanin da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian invaders. Wadannan sun hada da Yammacin Belarus, Volhynia, Lithuania da kuma Courland.

Tabbatarwa daga serfdom

A lokaci guda ya kamata a lura da cewa a zamanin mulkin Catherine da 2 alama da kuma irin wannan mummunan abu kamar yadda wani ma fi girma bautar da manoma. Duk da cewa, kasancewa wani mutum na haskaka tunani da kuma a Turai matakin, da Empress gane da harmfulness na serfdom, kuma ko da ya yi aiki a kan aikin soke, ta tilasta mu sallama wa wani kafa hadisin da ƙarni.

Back a cikin farkon zamanin mulkinsa, Catherine bayar da umarni bukata manoman cikakken kuma mara biyayya ga gidan haya. Lokacin da ya dauki mafi girma sikelin yi na rarraba ƙasar da suke zaune a kan su manoma nasu favorites, kazalika da ƙarfafawa ga bambance-bambance a cikin jama'a da sabis.

A daidai wannan lokaci, shi ya tsaurara, da kuma sosai nau'i na amfani da manoma. An sani, musamman, cewa ga wadanda suka biya mai shi haya (wanda sun kasance mafi yawa mazauna arewacin yankunan na Rasha, inda noma ne wanda ya kasa aiki), zargin ninki biyu. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ya tsananta halin da ake ciki na manoman da suka zamar masa dole ya cika corvee a kan komai a fili kadarori. Idan kafin su aikin da aka iyakance zuwa kwana uku a mako, yanzu wannan mulkin da aka soke, da kuma duk abin da ya dogara da shi a kan sabani rundunar.

Reaction to irin wannan zalunci da suke yunkuri, ya barke ne daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a sassa daban daban na kasar, da most of wanda shi ne Pugachev ta tayarwa abin da yake rufe Urals da Volga yankin a cikin tsawon 1773-1775.

epilogue

Bayan kammala tridtsatichetyrohletny a zamanin da Empress shige daga Nuwamba 17, 1796. Duk da haka, wannan bai kawo karshen a Rasha zamanin fada juyin. Ekaterina 2 bar wani magaji - dansa Paul, da lashe Afrilu 16, 1797 da kuma kashe ta maƙarƙashiya a 4 shekaru.