Mene ne amber? amber yawa

Amber - wani tsoho guduro wanda ya halartar fossilization. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa shekaru na amber - fiye da miliyan 40 da shekaru. Wannan kwayoyin m, wanda ya samu da yawa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar muhalli da yanayi da kuma juya a cikin wani kyakkyawan haske dutse. Mene ne halaye na amber, ma'adinai yawa da sauran kaddarorin da za a tattauna a cikin labarin.

Janar jiki halaye

Amber da dangantaka da kwayoyin ma'adanai ba kafa lu'ulu'u. Chemical dabara - C10H16O, kunsha na succinic acid da aka dauke a cikin wani adadin 3-8%. A duwatsu mined, daga ƙasã, akwai barbashi kwari da shuke-shuke, wanda shi ne musamman m, a cikin kayan ado masana'antu.

Ma'adinai halin da wadannan Properties:

• Taurin cikin 2-2.5-3.
• Transparency - cika, matsakaici, rashin gaskiya da adalci.
• Shine - kamar gilashi.
• Watsawa da kuma pleochroism ba faruwa.
• Luminescence - daga bluish-fari inuwa da kore-rawaya.
• Yana za a iya wutan lantarki a karkashin gogayya.

Amber narkewa a cikin wasu hydrocarbons a sinadaran dauki.

ma'adinai siffofin a cikin yanayi

A yanayi, nan gaba amber ne a cikin nau'i na abokai masu girma dabam a wadannan wurare:

• a cikin kututturan bayan kwarara daga guduro a itace,
• karkashin haushi, a hollows da sauran cavities.

Kusa-surface sallama faruwa a cikin nau'i na drop-dimbin yawa sinters da faranti cike da koyaswa markings da twigs, haushi, itace gangar jikin.

Fitarwa daga vnutristvolnyh rabo dokoki concave farantin da kunkuntar gefuna.

Karkashin yanayi, da ma'adinai maida hankali ne akan duhu ɓawon burodi. Its kauri - daga 1 zuwa 4 mm. Tare da bai cika lura sau da yawa samun ban sha'awa dutse launi. Weathering ɓawon burodi kare ma'adinai for shekaru.

Secondary siffofin kwalta precipitates cewa an kafa a cikin tẽku, da kuma kogin ruwa, glacial da ma'aunan kasa yanayi, da karami girma fiye da na farko.

Weight kasancewa samu amber guda yana iya zama daga 'yan kasarun adadi na wani gram zuwa goma kilo ko fiye.

The most amber a London ta Museum of Tarihi, da nauyi - 15 kg 250 grams.

yawa

Ma'aikata da kuma ma'adinai masu goyon baya sau da yawa sha'awar wannan tambaya, abin da yake da yawa a amber. A wannan dukiya ya zama bayani dalla-dalla.

Ma'adinai amber, wanda yawa ne 0.97-1.10, da dangantaka da faye hali na wannan seawater. Watau teku ruwa yana da guda yawa. Saboda haka, a wani teku na dutse baba sama, da kuma a cikin sabo ruwa - a kan m. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ma'adinai ne don haka barga, kuma ba Rub kashe a shekaru miliyoyi masu yawa.

A wani teku na amber guda taso kan ruwa da yardar kaina a kan saman. A canzawa amber yawa ne a cikin kewayon 1 to 1.18 g / cm³. An auna ta yin la'akari a wani nauyi ruwa. A Lviv yankin ne amber, wanda shi ne mafi girma da yawa. Ta shi ne 1.14. A cikin Carpathians da kuma Maritime amber yawa ne da yawa m. Kwararru aka ƙaddara a cikin kewayon 1,04-1,1 g / cm ^3.

Mene ne da yawa daga amber a ƙẽƙasasshen kofe? Wannan siga weathered ma'adanai yafi hakan. Shi ne 1,08 g / cm³. Kai tsaye daga ruwan kasa ɓawon burodi na weathering wani yawa na 116 g / cm³. A mafi yawa daga amber a g / cm3 weathered samfurori featured in da kankara na Ciscarpathia, shi ne daidaita 1,15-1,22.

Abin da kayyade wannan darajar? A wasu lokuta, da dutse yawa da aka kai tsaye alaka gaban impurities a cikinsa. Wannan na iya zama baƙin ƙarfe, nitrogen, sulfur, aluminum. A da kankara da baƙin ƙarfe gauraye da mafi yawa daga amber, a kg / M3 shi ne 1220. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, alama da m dangantaka. Lokacin da masana sun auna abin da yawa a amber a cikin kusanci da Lvov, shi da aka rubuta gaban halin da ake ciki. Daga wadannan bayanai, masana kimiyya sun zo ga ƙarshe cewa ma'adinai yawa ne m da abun da ke ciki na guduro daga wanda dutsen da aka kafa.

Saboda haka, da talakawan yawa na amber - 1100 kg / m³, wannan shi ne darajar dauka ta hanyar kimiyyar lissafi da kuma chemists a cikin lissafin.

Sauran jiki Properties

A kyandir harshen wuta ne iya narke cikin ma'adinai, da kuma a zazzabi na 250-300 ° C da shi zai fara zuwa tafasa. Lokacin da mai tsanani dutse ya fara smolder, kona da wari daga cikin guduro. Shi ne a kan wannan hasashe bambanta kwarai daga wucin gadi ma'adinai.

A tsakiyar zamanai amfani da ma'adinai dukiya buga ban mamaki resinous wari lokacin da mai tsanani, kuma suka fumigated cikin dakin.

Na amber man da aka samu, da kuma acid rosin.

Da ikon da wani ma'adinai da za a wutan lantarki ta gogayya, sa'an nan a cikinta suna janyo hankalin daban-daban lafiya barbashi. A dukiya da aka fara gano da tsoho Greek masanin Thales. Daga baya, gano tartsatsi na blue amber a lokacin gogayya na ulu, ma'adinai kira electron.

Stone yana da kyau kwarai lantarki rufi.

ajiya

The most amber adibas ne Palmnikenskoe a Kaliningrad yankin. Ga a cikin ƙasa ne m adibas na ma'adinai. Masana sun yi imani da cewa 90% na duniya reserves sun mayar da hankali a cikin dutse na yankin, da ciwon shekaru fiye da 50 da miliyan shekaru.

Palmnikenskogo Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin Kaliningrad yankin yana da biyu sauran amber yanki: Seaside da kuma rairayin bakin teku. ma'adinai hakar an gudanar da aiki da keta da ruwa jiragen sama yashewa ƙasa Tsarin.

A kan talakawan, kowane cubic mita na ƙasar ne 500-600 grams na ma'adinai, amma akwai kuma wuraren da 4.5 kg / m³. A shekara-shekara samarwa girma na ma'adinai shi ne 300-350 ton.

Kananan adibas aka samu a Amurka, Canada, Mexico, Romania, Jamus, Dominican Republic, Ukraine.

jinsunan

A yanayi akwai da yawa irin wannan ban mamaki dutse, da yawan wuce 200. Mafi na kowa:

1. Succinite - mafi shahara daga dukan nau'i. Yana ƙunshi babban adadin succinic acid. Succinite launi - fari, da rawaya, orange, ja.
2. Gless - launin ruwan dutse, wadda ba a nuna gaskiya.
3. Gedanit - Yellow ma'adinai ba tare da succinic acid a cikin abun da ke ciki, yana da high brittleness saboda kalla adadin oxygen.
4. Stantienit - a cike da laka baki-kasa-kasa ma'adinai da cewa yana da babban brittleness.
5. Bokkerit - wani haske-m ruwan kasa ma'adinai.
6. Kistsellit - rawaya ko zaitun amber.
7. Shraufit - ja ko yellow-ja ma'adinai.
8. Blue Amber - da rarest jinsunan, abin da ke faruwa a Jamhuriyar Dominican. Yana da matukar wuya, shi glows a cikin duhu. A blue color wannan ma'adinai asali daga impurities na volcanic ash.
9. Green amber - ma wani kwafin na Dominican filayen. Irin wannan ma'adinai launi ya juya saboda carbon inclusions.

Launi da kuma nuna gaskiya

amber launi palette ne musamman m - daga hauren giwa zuwa baki. Ko da a cikin yanki daya daga cikin ma'adinai iya hada daban-daban digiri na nuna gaskiya. A duwatsu na sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na nuna gaskiya ya kasu kashi:

• m.
• translucent.
• kashi.
• frothy.

Duk da bambancin da amber yana da zai fi dacewa dumi zuma da kuma rawaya launukansa. A rare lokuta gyarawa blue color - na wani sarari suKe haske zuwa cornflower blue.

Abin da kayyade farashin ma'adinai?

Farashin ya dogara da ma'adinai yanki size da launi.

An dade an dauki mafi muhimmanci da irin fari amber. Masana sun ce cewa a cikin irin wannan misalin ne da akalla impurities, da kuma warkar Properties daga cikin mafi kyau kwarai.

The Sin da Japan godiya iri-iri na ceri launi, da ake kira "dragon ta jini". Wadannan kankara ciki kusoshin Mulki iyali.

Sarkin sarakuna Rima Neron fĩfĩta jet.

A Sicily, suna da mafi tsabta amber bira-canza launin.

A mafi tsada irin dauke rashin iyaka, da kuma ma'adinai barbashi cike da koyaswa kwari, da dabbobi, da sauransu. Known amber, a cikin abin da yake kunshe da wani lizard. Irin wannan misali ya kudin dubban daloli. Amma irin wannan misalai suna rare.

A cikin tarihi na prized ja amber, daga baya ya fara fi son zinariya.

A gabashin kasashen, musamman muhimmanci ne fari ma'adinai jinsunan da ba da iko ikon warkarwa.

A zamanin yau, ingancin aka dauke su zama rawaya ma'adinai tare da uniform launi.

magani Properties

Tun zamanin da, da na dutse kasafin magani Properties. Wannan shi ne saboda wani ɓangare na succinic acid wanda yake shi ne Bio-stimulator.

A ma'adinai da ake amfani a irin wannan cututtuka:

• ciwon makogwaro.
• thyroid.
• kunne cuta.
• asma kai hare-hare.
• amosanin gabbai.

Yau, da ma'adinai ana amfani:

• don kawar da ciwo a kai.
• da magani daga angina.
• zafi a cikin gidajen abinci.
• don inganta metabolism.
• kiwon rigakafi.
• daidaita hanji aiki.
• kawar da kumburi tafiyar matakai.

An yi imani da cewa amber yi wa wani ƙari.

A madadin magani amfani da amber abubuwa daga dutse kwakwalwan kwamfuta suna kara da magani.

Healers yi imani da cewa ma'adinai yana da kyau sakamako a kan jikin mutum da kuma iya taimaka daga duk wani cuta.

aikace-aikace

Ma'adinai rayayye amfani da su haifar da kayan ado. Succinic acid da aka samu a wasu magunguna, da kuma ana amfani a cikin aikin gona da masana'antu da tada matakin na yawan aiki. Chemists amfani da amber domin samar da enamels da Paints. Lacquered amber cover guda na furniture, wayoyi, kwalba for canning. Tare da kyau insulating Properties, amber insulator protrudes a cikin fasaha filin.