Mammoth ne ... Tarihin abubuwan da ake ciki. Yaya kuka yi farauta don mambobi?

Mammoth abu ne mai asiri, tun fiye da shekaru ɗari biyu masu bincike mai ban mamaki. Abin da suke wadannan prehistoric dabbobi, duka biyu da rãyuwãta, da dadaddun me ya sa? Duk waɗannan tambayoyi har yanzu ba su da amsoshi daidai. Wasu masanan kimiyya sun zargi yunwa akan mutuwar su, na biyu - zamanin dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma na uku - tsoffin mayaƙa, wadanda suka hallaka garkunan shanu don nama, boyewa da tushe. Babu wani aikin hukuma.

Wanene mambobi

Tsibirin tsohuwar tsohuwar dabba ce ta iyalin giwaye. Babban jinsin yana da nauyin da ya dace da wadanda suke kusa da su - giwaye. Yawancin lokaci ba su wuce 900 kg ba, girma bai wuce mita 2 ba. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in "wakilci", nauyin nauyinsu ya kai ton 13, kuma girma - mita 6.

Daga giwaye, dabbar da aka rarraba ta bambanta ta jikin jiki mai tsayi, ƙananan kafafu da dogon gashi. Yanayin halayen - manyan kayan da aka yi amfani da su, wanda dabbobi masu amfani da su sunyi amfani da shi don yin tafin ƙwayoyi daga karkashin damun abinci na snowy. Har ila yau, suna da hakorar hakora tare da babban adadi na dentino-enamel, wanda yayi aiki don sarrafa kayan abinci mai fibrous.

Bayyanar

Tsarin kwarangwal, wanda yake da tsohuwar dabba, ta hanyoyi da yawa suna kama da tsarin giwan Indiya, wanda ke zaune a zamaninmu. Mafi yawan sha'awa shine gine-gine, wanda tsawonsa zai iya kai har zuwa mita 4, mai yawa - har zuwa 100 kg. Sun kasance a cikin babban dutse, sun ci gaba da hawan sama, "rabu" a bangarori.

Da wutsiya da kunnuwa, da aka guga a cikin kwanyar, sun kasance ƙananan girman, akwai kararen baki mai ban dariya a kan kai, tsummaran da ke tsaye a baya. Wani babban gangar jikin da aka mayar da shi dan kadan ya dogara bisa ginshiƙan kafafu. Ƙafãfunsu suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin (tsalle sosai), suna kai kimanin diamita 50 cm.

Gudun yana da haske mai launin launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa, wutsiya, ƙafafunsa da kuma bushe suna ƙawata tare da baki baki baki. Fur "skirt" ya fadi daga bangarori, kusan kai ƙasa. "Tufafi" na dabbobin da suka rigaya sun fara dumi.

Tusk

Mammoth dabba ne wanda tushensa ya kebanta ba kawai don ƙarfin ƙarfinsa ba, amma har ma don launuka daban-daban. Kasusuwan sunyi boye don sau da yawa millennia, undernent mineralization. Abubuwan da suka fito suna samo wani zangon banza - daga m zuwa dusar ƙanƙara. Darkening, ya faru ne sakamakon sakamakon aikin, yana ƙara yawan farashin tushe.

Tushen dabbobi da suka rigaya sun kasance ba cikakke ba ne a matsayin kayan aikin giwaye. Sun kasance mai sauƙi a kara, sun sami fasa. An yi imanin cewa mambobin da taimakon su ya fitar da abinci ga kansu - rassan, haushi na itace. Wani lokaci dabbobin sun kafa tushe 4, nau'in na biyu shine na bakin ciki, sau da yawa ana jingina tare da ainihin.

Ƙananan launuka suna yin jigon kwalliya a buƙata a cikin samar da kwandon kwalliya, snuffboxes, chess sets. An yi amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar kayan kyauta, kayan ado na mata, kayan makamai. Hanya na wucin gadi na launuka na musamman ba zai yiwu ba, wanda aka haɗta babban farashin samfurori da aka gina a kan magunguna. Gaskiya, ba shakka, ba karya ba ne.

Weekdays na mammoths

Shekaru 60 - ƙayyadadden rayuwar rai na Kattai waɗanda suka rayu a duniya shekaru da suka wuce. Santa - a herbivorous dabbobi abinci ga shi sun kasance mafi yawa herbaceous shuke-shuke, woody harbe, kananan shrubs, Moss. Kwanan nan na yau da kullum yana da kimanin kilo 250 na shuke-shuke, wanda ya tilasta dabbobi su ciyar da kimanin sa'o'i 18 a kan abinci kowace rana, sau da yawa canza canje-canjen a bincika wuraren noma.

Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa mambobi suna yin salon shanu, sun taru a kananan kungiyoyi. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi nau'i 9-10 wakilan jinsuna masu girma, sun kasance da matasa. A matsayinka na mulkin, an sanya rawar shugabancin garke a kan tsofaffin mata.

Da shekaru 10, dabbobin sun kai ga balaga. Mazan maza a wannan lokacin sun bar garken mamaye, suna motsi zuwa rayuwa guda.

Habitat

Nazarin zamani sun kafa cewa mambobin da suka fito a cikin kasa kimanin shekaru miliyan 4.8 da suka shude, sun shuɗe kawai kimanin shekaru 4 da suka wuce, kuma ba 9-10 ba, kamar yadda aka riga aka zata. Wadannan dabbobi sun rayu a ƙasashen Arewacin Amirka, Turai, Afrika da Asiya. Kasusuwan na ƙarfafan dabbobi, zane da kuma sculptures, depicting su, sukan samu a shafukan da tsoho mazaunan na Stone Age.

An kuma rarraba Mammoths a yankin na Rasha a cikin adadi mai yawa, musamman Siberia ne sanannen ban sha'awa. Kato "makabarta" na wadannan dabbobi da aka samu a cikin New Siberian Islands. A Khanty-Mansiysk har ma an kafa wani abin tunawa a cikin girmamawarsu. A hanyar, shi ne a cikin ƙananan ƙananan Lena cewa a karon farko (bisa hukuma) an samu ragowar mahaifa.

Mammoths a kan ƙasar Rasha, ko kuma wajen, ragowar su, ana gano su.

Dalilin ƙaddara

Tunda yanzu tarihin mambobi yana da babban hauka. Musamman ma, wannan yana damu da dalilan da suka lalace. An gabatar da nau'i iri iri. Sanarwar asali ta bayyana ta Jean Baptiste Lamarque. A cewar masanin kimiyya, cikakkiyar nau'in halittu masu rai ba zai yiwu ba, sai kawai ya juya cikin wani. Duk da haka, ba a gano jikinsu ba a wannan lokacin.

Zhorzh Kyuve bai yarda da takwarana, sunã zargin kansu da mutuwar Santa ambaliyar (ko wasu duniya fama da cewa ya faru a lokacin da bacewar na yawan). Ya bayar da hujjar cewa duniya sau da yawa tana fuskantar matsaloli na gajeren lokaci, gaba daya kawar da wasu nau'in.

Brocca, masanin burbushin halittu da aka haife shi a Italiya, ya gaskata cewa an yarda da wani lokaci na rayuwa ga kowane halitta mai rai a duniya. Masanin kimiyya ya kwatanta bacewar jinsin dukkanin jinsi zuwa ga tsufa da mutuwar kwayar halitta, sabili da haka, a cikin ra'ayinsa, tarihin tarihin mahaifa ya ƙare.

Shahararrun ka'idar, wadda take da masu yawa a cikin kimiyya, ita ce yanayi. Game 15-10 shekara dubu da suka wuce dangane da narkewa daga cikin gleiser arewa tundra yanki ya zama fadama, cike da kudancin Pine gandun daji. Kwayoyin da suka kasance sun zama tushen dalilin yunkurin dabbobi sun maye gurbinsu da gwaninta da rassan, wanda, bisa ga masana kimiyya, ya kai ga lalacewar su.

Masu farauta na zamani

Kamar yadda mutane na farko suka nemi mambobin - ba a kafa shi ba tukuna. Wadannan mawuyacin lokaci ne wanda ake zargi da yashe dabbobi da yawa. Idan kana son yin amfani da wannan layi, sai ka faɗi samfurorin da aka samo daga tushe da konkoma karuwa, wanda ake samun su a wuraren ajiye motoci na mazaunan zamanin d ¯ a.

Duk da haka, bincike na kwanakin mu ya sa wannan zato yafi shakka. Bisa ga yawan masana kimiyya, mutane kawai sun gama kashe marasa lafiya da rashin lafiyar wakilan nau'o'in, ba don neman lafiyar ba. Bogdanov, mahaliccin aikin "Asirin Rashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa", ya ba da hujjoji masu kyau don ganin rashin yiwuwar farautar dabbobi. Ya yi imanin cewa ba zai yiwu a shiga cikin fata na wadannan dabbobi ba tare da makamai da mazaunan zamanin duniyoyin suke mallaka.

Wani hujja mai mahimmanci shine nama mai tsanani, kusan rashin abinci.

Kusa dangi

Elefasprimigenius - wannan ita ce sunan mammoths a Latin. Sunan yana nuna dangantaka ta kusa da giwaye, tun da yake fassarar tana kama da "giwa na fari". Har ila yau, akwai ma'anar cewa mahaifiyar tsohuwar giwaye ne, wanda shine sakamakon juyin halitta, daidaitawa zuwa yanayi mai dadi.

Binciken da masana kimiyyar Jamus suka yi da suka kwatanta DNA na dabba da giwa suna nuna cewa giwan Indiya da mammatu su ne rassan biyu wanda asalin su daga daga giwaye na Afrika kimanin shekara 6. Mahaifin wannan dabba, kamar yadda aka nuna ta zamani, ya rayu a duniya game da shekaru miliyan 7 da suka gabata, wanda ya sa ladabi na kasancewa da haƙƙin zama.

Sanannun samfurori

"Mamba ta ƙarshe" ita ce lakabin da za a iya bai wa matasa Dimka, mai shekaru shida da haihuwa wanda ma'aikata suka samu a 1977 kusa da Magadan. Kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka wuce, wannan yaro ya faɗo ta cikin kankara, wanda shine dalili na mummification. Wannan shi ne shakka mafi kyawun samfurin da aka gano ta 'yan adam. Dimka ya zama tushen bayani mai mahimmanci ga wadanda suke shiga cikin nazarin halittu masu rarrafe.

An san magunan Adams, wanda ya zama kwarangwal na farko, wanda aka nuna wa jama'a. Wannan ya faru a 1808, tun lokacin da aka samo samfurin a cikin Museum of Academy of Sciences. Sakamakon ya kasance daga mafarauci Osip Shumakhov, wanda ke zaune yana tattara kaman dabbobi.

Berezovsky mammoth yana da irin wannan tarihin, wanda maciji ya samo shi a bankin daya daga kogin Siberia. Ba'a iya kiran yanayin da za'a iya fitar da raguwa ba, an cire hakar a sassa. Kasusuwan da aka kare sunan sun zama tushen daskararren gizon, ƙwayoyin taushi - abu na bincike. Mutumin ya mutu sakamakon shekaru 55.

Matilda, wata mace ce ta rigaya, ta gano ta hanyar makaranta. An gudanar da wani taron a 1939, an gano ragowar a bakin kogin Oye.

Za'a iya farkawa

Masu bincike na zamani ba su daina yin sha'awar irin wannan dabbaccen dabba a matsayin mai dabba. Babban mahimmancin binciken kimiyya kafin kimiyya ba wani abu bane illa motsawa a bayan dukkan yunkurin tashinsa daga matattu. Ya zuwa yanzu, ƙoƙari na clone dabbar da bace ba ta haifar da sakamako mai ma'ana. Dalilin wannan shine rashin kayan aikin da ake bukata. Duk da haka, bincike a wannan yanki bai tsaya ba. A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya sun dogara ga ragowar mace, ba a samu ba tun lokacin da suka wuce. Samfurin yana da mahimmanci saboda yana riƙe da jinin ruwa.

Duk da rashin gazawa tare da cloning, an tabbatar da bayyanar da mutumin da ya taɓa zama a cikin duniya daidai da yadda yake. Mammoths suna kallon daidai kamar yadda aka wakilce su a shafukan litattafan. Sakamakon mafi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa mafi kusa da lokacin zama na halittu masu rai da aka gano a zamaninmu, mafi yawan ƙwari ne kwarangwal dinsa.