Ma'adanai Finland. Masana'antu da kuma tattalin arziki a Finland

Wannan talifin zai tattauna Finland ma'adanai, su hakar, aiki da kuma rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Fara wannan topic za a nesa na game da wani lokaci na uku biliyan shekaru da suka wuce, a lokacin da wadannan wurare da aka binne a karkashin wata babbar gleiser. Yafi godiya ga abubuwan da suka faru na cewa lokaci burbushin Finland bayyana a cikin wannan lambobi.

kankara shekaru

A lokacin da kankara shekaru a wata babbar dutse crystal panel a kan wanda wata babbar nauyi Layer na kankara da faruwa a cikin Duniya ta ɓawon burodi zuwa mutuža cewa kafa biyu babban kandami - Gulf of Bothnia da Baltic Sea, tsohon farko tabkuna. Yana glaciers kafa topography na Finland. A kankara kauri mafi girma daga uku kilomita sun iya tanƙwara duniya kanta. Sun kuma kwashe daga surface na fiye da bakwai mita dutse.

A dukan tsarin na Finnish tabkuna da kuma babbar boulders a kawo ta da yawa zai iya gaya yadda Finland taimako juya fitar haka abin da muke gani a yau. Uku da cent na kasar - shi ne cikakken bude dutse, har ma da goma sha kashi - wannan dutse a karkashin kasa a zurfin daya mita. Godiya ga Ice Age burbushin a Finland ne a jam'i na ba-ferrous da kuma rare duniya karafa. Da cewa a zamanin da wannan ƙasar gleiser, shi ji cikakken duk faɗin ƙasar.

Finland a yanzu

A wuri inda ne Finland, - arewa na Turai. Babbar bangare na kasar da aka located a kan Scandinavian Larabawa. Yana hannun jari kan iyakoki da Norway, da Rasha, Sweden, a kan teku - tare da Estonia. A yankin shi ne kananan - ɗari uku da talatin da takwas da dubu murabba'in kilomita. Akwai game da biyar da rabi mutane miliyan, babban ɓangare na wanda aka zaunar da su a babban birnin kasar - Helsinki - da kuma sauran karami birane, da kuma kawai talatin cikin dari na yawan - a cikin sauran yankuna. Yawan tabkuna, gandun daji, swamps - halayyar alama na cewa wani ɓangare na duniya, inda a can ne Finland.

Babu kasa ban sha'awa Gwargwadon bayani a cikin wannan yanki Flora da fauna. Bears da muz ba nadiri, amma gashi na makamai da Finland ne ko da yaushe Zagayawar ake mazauni ba a cikin wadannan wurare zaki (ko da yake an yi imani da cewa a cikin 1580 aka kira Sarkin dabbobi trot). Tunda mafi yawan ta zama (game da shekara ɗari biyar) Finland da aka gudanar a matsayin wani lardi na Sweden, shi ne Yaren mutanen Sweden sarki Gustav Ina cikin wannan hoto. Gashi na makamai na Finland sa'an nan ya bayyana a kan mutum-mutumi a cikin Gothic coci na birnin Uppsala. Bayan wani gajeren lokaci, Finland na daga Rasha, sa'an nan zaki (ko Lynx) aka nuna a kan garkuwa, wanda aka located a kan kirjin na na sarki biyu-gangarawa mikiya.

labarin kasa

Labarin kasa na Finland quite peculiar: fiye da biyu daga kashi uku ɗin da karkararta ta'allaka biyu da ɗari mita kasa teku matakin da yana da wani ra'ayi na m moraine filayen tare da m bayyanar kankara, hollows na tabkuna da kuma ridges na tuddai - Salpausselkä, Suomenselkä, Manselkya.

Arewa maso yammacin kasar shagaltar da ta Scandinavian duwãtsu (su gabashin iyakar). Duwatsu up a Finland a 1365 mita - wani dutse Haltiatunturi. A kadan kasa da dubu sittin tabkuna, ko takwas bisa dari na duk yankuna samar da wani babban ruwa tsarin. Length na kogin ba shine al'amarin ba, amma suna cike da sashen kogin da kuma high ruwa.

binciken kasa

Geology na Finland ne m da wurinta a kan Baltic Shield. Farkon Precambrian metamorphic kankara a nan, kazalika da dutse, da kuma suka duka kamar podornuty hazo gleiser da glacial adibas na Quaternary lokaci. Ritaya daga cikin gleiser ne don haka a bayyane a duk su bulan. Bothnia crosses Laifi zone cewa shimfida ga mafi Ladoga lake yanki rarraba Precambrian tsarin lokaci a cikin yankuna biyu. Wajen gabas yaduwar Archean greenstone belts na lokaci, da cika fuska overlapping clastic sediments da volcanics Jatulian (Early Proterozoic).

Yana yana tare da su kuma suna hade da adibas na ores na daraja karafa (da sauransu - sauki): da tama ba kawai zinariya, amma kuma uranium, da baƙin ƙarfe, jan, nickel, tushe karfe, vanadium da kuma cobalt. A wajen yamma, akwai ne calcareous alkaline kankara, shales da greywacke karkashin biliyan biyu da shekara, wanda aka kafa ta volcanic tsibirin arcs da m tekuna. Su ne a wurare da yawa da suka plutons ta kai hari ta granitoids, inda wani wuri na musamman - Tsentralnofinlyandsky batholith. Akwai da yawa daga kananan adibas na polymetallic, jan, da baƙin ƙarfe, nickel da kuma rare duniya tama.

bincike

A shekarar 1947, da kimiyya Sashen Society, a 1970 sake tsarafa makarantar kimiyya da aka shirya a Finland. Shi ne karshen, kuma aka tsunduma a fannin binciken kasa da kuma hakar ma'adinai harkokin mulkin kasar. A curator ne wani kwamiti na musamman, memba na Academy tsarin inda mambobi ne masana kimiyya a fannin kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Kunno kai al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma taimaka wajen warware wani ɓangare na Academy Board, tafiyad da fasaha da bincike, ku tabbata shiga duk tambayoyin da daya fiye da shawara - koyo yanayi.

A Finland, jami'o'i suna karatu da kuma ma'adinai da kuma binciken kasa, amma wadannan tarbiyya an sanar a cikin sassan na janar (kimiyyar yanayin halitta) tare da tafin kafa togiya. Wannan ne City na Helsinki University of Technology - Jami'ar Jihar, kafa a 1908. Akwai raba sashen na metallurgy da kuma hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka, za ka iya kiran wani yawa Finnish jami'o'i da cewa koyar da wani iri-iri batutuwa, wanda ake inseparably da alaka da hako ma'adinai da kuma binciken kasa, duk da cewa wadannan sassan ba su rarrabe a da kowa, da kuma mãsu lazimta a kansu da kimiyyar yanayin halitta.

ma'adanai Finland

Chrome tama Finland ne musamman arziki. Har ila yau, akwai manyan hannun jari da kuma tutiya, cobalt, nickel, jan, apatite, vanadium, kuma ba shakka da peat. Tama aka mined a arewa maso yammacin kasar. A cikin filin Pahtovara shirya glandular quartzites, a Kaymaryavi - apatites da magnetites, kuma McCall, Hitura da Kotalahti ba tagulla da kuma nickel. Ores na daraja karafa ci gaba a kudancin Finland, Kemi da arewacin Lapland. Vammala ajiya, Outokumpu, Vihanti dauke da zinariya, da azurfa, da platinum kungiyar karafa (Malkisadik ne negligible rabo).

Rare karafa ake cirewa a kudanci da kuma tsakiyar zones, inda manyan filayen ne Kangasala Kemiyo, kuma a cikinta da abun ciki na ilmenite tama ne halin da gaban, phlogopite, magnetite, zircon, pyrochlore baddelita. Ore apatites, chromium, vanadium ne quite muhimmanci, a Turai, da fari na adadin cobalt - biyu. Har ila yau da yawa tama, tutiya, jan, nickel. Peat da ba na ƙarfe ba ma'adanai ake cirewa yadu a Finland. Peat adibas ne sosai yawa kuma suna located kusan fadin kasar, amma a size, kowane daga cikinsu shi ne kananan. Tattalin arziki ci gaba adibas a wuce haddi na ashirin da kadada, wanda seams zama fiye da mita biyu. A Finland, kamar yadda ba duk da irin wannan adibas.

tama

Kusan duk na adibas na uranium tama ne a cikin Karelian quartzite-shale hadaddun ko a kan iyakoki na Archean dutse-gneiss hadaddun. Na gagarumin rubutu adibas iya Kolari Paltamo Paukayanvare da Noutiyarvi. Iron ores suna located a arewa maso yammacin kuma tsakiyar sassa na Finland. Mafi sau da yawa suna hade da Karelian orogeny, shi leptitovoy samuwar.

Daga cikin ores da ferruginous quartzites (Pahtovara), apatite da magnetidy (Kaymayarvi da sauransu), magnetite skarns (Oriyarvi da Tervola), ilmenite-magnetite (a Otanmyaki da kuma sauran wurare). Skarn adibas ana ci gaba da magmatic hadaddun. Vanadium da titanium a tama suna located a gabashin karshen Baltic Shield. Wadannan Tsarin ake dangantawa da Lower da sredneproterozoyskim lokaci. Suna ci gaba a cikin filayen da kuma Mustavara Otanmyaki.

polymetals

Chromium tama da aka mayar da hankali a daya filin, wanda ya ciyar da duk Game da masana'antu a Finland. Wannan Kemi - a Gulf na Bothnia, a arewacin tudu. Cobalt, nickel, jan kuma kamar ba ferrous karafa faruwa a ores a Ladoga Bothnia bel, kuma yanki da kuma masana'antu filayen saukar iri biyu. Wannan jan-nickel sulfide a Kotalahtinskoy subband bel (McCall, Hitura, Kotalahti da sauransu), cikinsa da talakawan jan abun ciki na 0.3%, da kuma nickel - 1.2%.

Nau'i na biyu - shi ne stratimorfnye pyrite adibas wanda ake dangantawa da graphite baki shales (Hammaslakti, Vuonos, Outokumpu, da sauransu), cikinsa da azurfa ciki - 11 grams da ton na tama, zinariya - har zuwa daya gram na tutiya - 7%, jan - 3, 5%, kuma a can ne a bit na cobalt da nickel. Ores suna located a kudancin filayen man fetur a kan Baltic Shield, inda, a Bugu da kari ga tutiya da kai dauke da zinariya, da tagulla, da azurfa, kuma da yawa wasu abubuwa.

masana'antu Finland

A general halaye na tattalin arziki da ayyukan GDP na kasar ya riga a 1986 amounted zuwa 357 biliyan FIM. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan adadi ne kullum da kuma ya rika girma. An ban sha'awa alama ne cewa karafa masana'antu lissafta kawai a cikin goma na wani kashi na GDP, da kuma masana'antu - fiye da ashirin cikin dari.

Duk da fairly manyan reserves na albarkatun ma'adinai, da babban halitta dũkiya ne dauke da wani gandun daji da yake rufe da fiye da rabin dukan ƙasar. Haka kuma, duk da babban rassan da Finnish tattalin arzikin tsunduma a gaban wadanda albarkatun. Akwai matsaloli a Finland da makamashi, ko da yake ta fara kasuwanci ci gaban adibas na m da ruwa habaka.

Kamar yadda ya

Albarkatun ma'adinai da ake ci gaba a Finland tun zamanin da, har ma da Finnish Legends (runes) gaya na baƙin ƙarfe ores. Ko da yake har zuwa goma sha uku karni, ban da dutse, da baƙin ƙarfe, kada ka yi amfani da wani abu. Mining masana'antu a lokacin Swedish mulki a Finland da aka ba ci gaba, saboda ko da ga bincike da kuma musamman domin ci gaba da samun da sirri izni na Sarkin Sweden.

A cikin karni na sha shida ya fara nawa tama da kuma alade baƙin ƙarfe narke yanke shawarar kawai a cikin goma sha takwas, kuma shi ne kusa da artisanal samar. A cikin karni na sha tara, riga a Rasha, hukuma ta fara karfafa da kuma bincike da kuma hakar ma'adinai na raw kayan.

Kamar yadda ya

A 1812, da Rasha, Empire halitta a cikin ta farko Finnish lardin ma'adinai, ya shiryar da bincike na albarkatun ma'adinai da su yi amfani da. A farko sauƙaƙewa Kulonsuonmyaki samu mine a kan hakar tama, da kuma aka hada a ci gaba da goma sha biyu a 1829, irin adibas. Saboda da tutu da matakan samar da game da uku ton tama, da kuma ci gaban da tattalin arziki ya ci gaba. Bugu da kari ga manyan mallakar gwamnati, sarrafa fiye da hamsin kananan zaman kansa mahakar inda tama ingancin yawa na baya zuwa core.

Rasha ya dauki wani baƙin ƙarfe da tagulla haraji, don haka samar da ci gaban wuce arba'in da takwas da dubu ton a 1860. Copper Oriyarvi fara nuna a 1832, da kuma a shekara ta 1870, an riga an raya polymetallic adibas a Pitkyaranta. By 1895, Finland samar 5.195 ton na jan karfe, 425 ton na tin, kusan takwas ton na azurfa, kuma a Lapland ramuwa wanke zinariya - har zuwa hamsin kilo a kowace shekara. Sassaƙaƙƙun dutse, syenite, wanda aka yi amfani da ba kawai a Finland: da yawa gine-gine na St. Petersburg aka fuskanci Finnish dutse. Yau, duk kayayyakin na karafa masana'antu a Finland ne daraja fiye da kudin Euro biliyan a shekara, wanda asusu domin kusan hamsin data kasance Enterprises.