M Gudanarwa Hukumar, Loris-Melikov. Abun da ke ciki da kuma shekarar da aka kafa

Halittar Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar kasance wani muhimmin taron a cikin tarihin siyasar na Rasha. wanzuwar wannan jikin al'amari nuna wani ƙoƙari na Tsarist gwamnatin marigayi 19th karni mu jimre wa da jama'a yanayi, tushen abin shi ne fata na m tsarin sake fasalin.

Abin da irin hukumar

A 1880 da sojojin na tsarist gwamnatin da aka kafa Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar. Wannan shekara da aka alama ta wani aiki gwagwarmaya da autocratic mulkin na neman sauyi motsi. Daga cikin masana tarihi shi ne ya yi ĩmãni da cewa dalilin kafa na hukumar ya fashewa, shirya da abokan adawar na tsarist Fabrairu 5 a Winter Palace.

Man, kai tsaye a karkashin wanda shi ya Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar - Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich. A abun da ke ciki na jiki kuma hada K. P. Pobedonostsev, A. K. Imeretinsky, M. S. Kahanov da sauran manyan jama'a Figures. Halittar Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar, a cewar wasu masana tarihi, da aka alaka da bukatar streamline da ayyuka na jami'an tsaro a babban birnin kasar na Rasha Empire a fuskar tashin neman sauyi jin zuciya.

aiki

M Gudanarwa Hukumar aka tsara don hada da aiki na daban-daban a jihar jami'an tsaro (ciki har da kotuna). Babban manufar hukumar ta aikin da aka girma 'yan adawa ga aiki na juyin juya-hali. The ayyuka da cewa da fuskantar da kungiyar, shi ne su hanzarta gudanar da bincike na zargin hannu a aikata laifukan yaki a jihar, magance batun azãba a cikin nau'i na links, da gudanar da 'yan sanda hukumomi cewa duba.

Daga cikin masana tarihi, akwai wani version cewa Loris-Melikov shãmakace rayayye a cikin aikin da ya fi na jihar siyasa, duk da haka, ya bayar da gudunmawar don tallafa wa sarki ayarinsa. Kuma tun da aka kafa Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar za a iya kiyasta a matsayin mere ƙa'ida - da key yanke shawara aka yi, ko ta wani hanya, karkashin tsarist line. Kuma domin, a cewar masana tarihi, shi ne ba abin mamaki ba da aka gaskiya cewa kafa Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar kyawawan zarar sa a kauda tashe. Loris-Melikov aka karkashin jagorancin ma'aikatar kula da harkokin.

Fage bayyanar

A cikin rare historiographical kafofin ce shi ne wani version cewa, sake fasalin za'ayi da tsarist gwamnatin a cikin 60-70 shekaru na karni na 19th, yana da ãyõyin savanin duk da cewa za'ayi a yawan m bayyanar cututtuka: da ci gaban da jari hujja abubuwa da rakiyar habakar tattalin arziki, da karfafa kasar matsayi a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama.

M Gudanarwa Hukumar, masana tarihi ce, ya fito a matsayin mai da martani ga tsarist gwamnatin zuwa rikicin trends a cikin harkokin siyasa - ya fara bayyana kungiyoyin da ke neman gyara, ƙarara a mulkin kasar ta neman sauyi hanyoyin. Bugu da kari, wani gagarumin rabo daga Rasha jama'a ya bayyana a siyasa matsayi, kuma akwai wani hadarin da m cell za su sami juyayi a gaban 'yan ƙasa.

Hali Loris-Melikov

Tarielovich Mikhail Loris-Melikov aka haife shi a 1824 a Tiflis. Iyalinsa yana Armenian asalinsu. Ya yi karatu a Lazarev Institute of Oriental Harsuna. Sa'an nan - a cikin soja makarantu na St. Petersburg. A 1843-47 ya bauta wa a Hussars a Grodno. Sa'an nan 'yan shekaru da ya yi yana yãƙi a cikin Caucasus, bayan shan kashi a cikin Crimean yaki da m babbar soja rikici tsakanin Rasha da kuma Turkey. Bayan da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Powers aka nada rikon gwamnan-janar na Astrakhan, Saratov da Samara, Na samu nasarar warware matsalar na magance hatsari annoba a yankin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna-Janar a Kharkiv, inda ya dauki bangare a cikin gyare-gyare na jihar na'ura. Da zarar karkashin jagorancin sabuwar gwamnatin dillancin kira Koli Gudanarwa Commission (1880).

Loris-Melikov, halin da ake ciki a kasar

A cikin memoirs game da yanayin karkashin wanda gudana Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar, Loris-Melikov jaddada cewa, na farko fifiko ya sake tabbata 'yan ƙasa. Kuma kawai sai don gudanar da wani gyaran da. Ma'aikacin rubuta cewa Rasha Tsar ya matsin lamba daga daban-daban bangarorin. Da fari dai, tare da kasashen waje da manufofin fagen fama - babban iko tilasta sarki canza tare da Ottoman Empire hannu da San Stefano yarjejeniya a kan sharuddan unfavorable Rasha. Abu na biyu, da Rasha kawo dukkan bukaci jerin sake fasalin: na kauda tashe serfdom a 1861, ya wajaba ya daidaita da 'yanto da manoma da sabon yanayin da tattalin arzikin kasar. Kuma wannan duk da cewa ba ya kwanta daga barin ra'ayin mazan jiya m jama'a jin zuciya, ya yi imanin cewa garambawul na 1861 da aka ba su jituwa da Rasha gaskiya.

Kundin tsarin mulkin na Loris-Melikov

A Janairu 1881 Loris-Melikov samarwa Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II da daftarin aiki da cewa yana dauke da ka'idodi na shugabanci ya gyara, wanda, a cikin ra'ayi shugaban, sun isasshen zamantakewa da siyasa yanayi. Masana tarihi sun kira wannan daftarin aiki "Tsarin mulki na Loris-Melikov." Yana dauke da wani tsari don ƙirƙirar hukumar da shiri na dokokin da suka shafi kudi al'amura, management a cikin sãsanni da kuma cikin samuwar zakonosoveschatelnogo aiki. A abun da ke ciki na waɗannan jikuna kamata shiga wakilai, zabe a lardin Zemstvos da kuma na birni majalisarku.

Manufar ya gyara aikinsa, ya haifar da wani ma'aikata na rare misali, wani samfur na majalisar. The sarki bai damu ba da ra'ayin. Amma a ranar da Alexander II sanya hannu a daftarin roko ga gwamnati a kan batun na gyara, 'yan ta'adda "Narodnaya Volya" sanya wani ƙoƙari a kan sarki. Sarkin sarakuna ba zai iya tsira.

Populists

Babban tsarin, wadda bisa ga yawa masana tarihi, wakiltar mafi girma barazana ga tsarist gwamnatin kasance "Narodnaya Volya". Wannan shiri ya clandestine tsarin, amma tare da hada tashoshi samu a siyasa tafiyar matakai. A ta programmatic matsayi hada da satar ikon da juyin juya halin Musulunci tawaye da kuma m gudanar da mulkin demokra] iyya da sake fasalin. "Narodnaya Volya" yi imani da cewa hare-haren - mafi tasiri hanyar counter da gwamnati.

A watan Fabrairu 1880 da suka shirya fashewar a cikin Winter Palace, wanda ya haifar da bukatar samar da irin wannan tsarin, kamar yadda Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar. Shekara na halittar jiki, a cewar wasu masana, da halin da mafi zamantakewa tashin hankali a Rasha.

Tarihi ya tabbatar da tilasta yin aiki da oda a Rasha

Duk da cewa lokacin da aka kafa Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar - shekara musamman aiki radicals, wanda bai yi, bisa ga yawa masana tarihi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin manifestations na baya 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, da irin wannan jiki da tarihi prototypes. A musamman, a cikin tsakiyar 17th karni, sarki aka halitta da ake kira Order of m harkokin, tsara don saka idanu wasan kwaikwayon na key jihar cibiyoyin da kuma hali na gudanar da bincike alaka da aikin na 'yan siyasa. Yana da aka kafa a lokacin da Bitrus Transfiguration domin. A Authority yana da aiki na gudanar da bincike gabaceku zagi Sarkin sarakuna hali, wani subversive aiki, rashin ladabi a cikin Guard. A farkon 18th karni da aka kafa wani sabon jiki - ofishin bincike na lokuta, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata - Asirin balaguro tsara don gudanar da bincike da hali na wani warwarewarsu jama'a domin. A m shekarun da suka gabata, da harkokin na da Empire samu daban-daban sunayen. A cikin marigayi 19th karni, a lokacin da a cikin ƙasa akwai bukatar counter m kungiyoyin, zo Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar.

A tarihi, Legacy da Hukumar

Daga cikin masana tarihi, akwai wani version cewa Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar kasance jiki da cewa yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan samuwar Soviet da kuma daga baya na zamani tsarin na jihar cibiyoyin da doka da oda. A wasu historiographical data ne bayanin da ya fara a 1917, counter-neman sauyi gabobin na Soviet gwamnati a ayyuka sun kasance sosai kama da Koli Gudanarwa Hukumar. Sai NKVD aka halitta, akwai Tsarin kamar ma'aikatar harkokin da KGB.

A shekarar 1991, hukumomin da aka kafa, sarrafa Tsarin cikin aikin Soviet na RSFSR. Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet akwai da Rasha Interior ma'aikatar da FSB. Saboda haka, daidai ne a ce yadda mai girma da tarihi rawar da irin wannan jiki a matsayin koli Gudanarwa Hukumar: 1917-th - da juyin juya halin Musulunci - da shekara wani lokaci na gwajin Jihar wani sabon format counter cikin yanayi na rashin amincewa, amma a kan tushen da wannan kwarewa da girma da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma daga baya na zamani tsarin gawarwaki da bin doka da oda.

Evaluation na masana tarihi

Daga cikin masana kimiyya Rasha da masana da kimanta da tarihi rawar da Koli Gudanarwa Commission a cikin mahallin na zamani siyasa tafiyar matakai. A musamman, akwai wani version cewa ikon da sarki da hukuncin Elite a Rasha a yau damar domin kowa kurakurai. Alal misali, zargin kungiyoyin ta'adda imani proponents wannan jarrabawa, da kuma a yau, da kuma nan shi ne saboda da arbitrariness na tsoma bakin, su rashin so a gudanar da wani zama dole ya gyãra, kuma ta hanyar lumana. Idan ka so wani abu da kuma} alubalantar ta'addanci, masana sun ce, da girmamawa yana bukatar a yi a kan akida factor a gyara daga cikin ka'idojin ci gaban tattalin arziki, a cikin abin da ba zai zama a cikin al'umma da 'yan adawa da kuma subversive Kwayoyin suna da ikon shafar yawan cewa yana da, misali, barga, kuma high-biyan aiki.

Muhimmanci jaddada masana tarihi, high quality-aiki na musamman da sabis ba kawai a cikin "gaggawa" Yanayin - a lokacin da 'yan ta'adda a kunne kuma ci gaba. A cikin wadannan yankunan, masana sun yi imanin, an kuskure gwamnati na tsarist Rasha, kuma ku ciyar da isasshen m aiki na jihar jikin na Rasha Federation.