Littafi ilimin halayyar

Littafi ilimin halayyar hada mnozhetsvo kimiyya makarantu da mutum bada, kowanne daga abin da a kansa hanya ya bayyana jigon sociological nauki.Opredeleny sotsiaologii a yanzu mataki, akwai kuma quite mai yawa. Mafi na kowa ne irin wannan ma'anar a matsayin "kimiyya da dokoki na watsa da kuma ci gaban zamantakewa matakai da kuma zamantakewa al'ummomi, ginshikai na dangantaka tsakanin mutane da kuma al'umma", "da kimiyya da samuwar dokokin na ci gaba da zama al'umma da kuma zamantakewa tsakaninsu."

Modern ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a kamar yadda ta batu da ake kira jama'a ko mutum al'amarin rayuwa. Ilimin halayyar yayin da karatu ba kawai mamaki da kansu, amma ya fi kowa Properties cewa ba su rufe sauran ilimomin kimiyyar zamantakewa (tarihi, falsafa, Psychology, da siyasa, da tattalin arziki, da ka'idar dokar).

A wannan batun, shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa zamani ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a - shi ne mai raba kimiyya na dokokin general na zaman jama'a mamaki da kuma kakanninsu Properties. A nazarin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a ba kawai dangane da empirical kwarewa, amma kuma koyawar ka'idarsa.

Ilimin halayyar nazarin ba kawai mutum a general, kuma ta binciko duniyar ta zama, ga abin da zamantakewa yanayi, da al'umma a cikin abin da aka hada da, social networks, salon, zamantakewa. Ilimin halayyar ganin duniya a matsayin tsarin. Irin wannan tsarin aka dauke ta ba kawai a matsayin wani aiki da kuma ci gaba, amma kuma a matsayin rikicin. Littafi ilimin halayyar da nufin nazarin haddasawa daga cikin rikicin da kokarin nemo hanyoyin fita daga gare ta, kuma daya cewa zai zama kalla m ga al'umma da kuma mafi alamar rahama.

Features na kimiyyar zamani ne cewa shi ne kokarin warware mafi m matsala a yau - da rayuwa da mutãne yiwu nan gaba updates na wayewa da kuma tãyar da shi zuwa wani karin ci-gaba mataki na biyu. Ilimin halayyar yana neman warware wadannan matsaloli, ba kawai a duniya matakin, amma kuma a matakin mutum zamantakewa al'ummomi, zamantakewa cibiyoyin, ta hanyar karatu , da zamantakewa hali na mutane. Wannan binciken ya duba da matakai na raya kasa, da m ci gaba da kuma aiki na al'ummu da kuma al'ummomi daga mutane. A wannan yanayin, jigon mamaki da kuma su haddasawa, ta ke neman a-zurfin zamantakewa matakai, da dangantakar dake tsakanin mutane da kuma al'umma.

Areas na zamani ilimin halayyar zaman raba kan sharudda biyu. Duk makarantu na zamani ilimin halayyar zaman kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin. Yana microsociological da macrosociological ka'idar.

A karshen kungiyar su ne mafi girma da tasiri zamantakewa rikici ka'idar da kuma tsarin functionalism. Duk makarantu su ne bisa nasarorin da kimiyyar zamani.

Muhimmai daga tsarin functionalism jagoranci Talcott Parsons, wanda ya miƙa zuwa dubi jama'a a matsayin tsarin ya kunshi juna aikin abubuwa. Wadannan abubuwa, sai ya ɗauki mutane, kungiyoyi, da kuma sauran al'umma kungiyoyin, tsakanin wanda akwai dangantaka. Wannan ka'idar mayar da hankali a kan zaman lafiya na zamantakewa da kuma tsarin juyin halitta nau'i na ci gaba.

A ka'idar zamantakewa rikici (conflictological shugabanci na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a) ya fito a 'yan adawa ga tsarin functionalism. The best-sani wakilan wannan Trend ne L.Kozer da R.Darendorf.

Coser ne marubucin da ka'idar m-aikin rikici, wanda ya furta cewa, da zaman lafiyar na zamantakewa tsarin presupposes da wanzuwar m rikici na bukatun, wanda aka bayyana a zaman rikice-rikice da kuma rikicin. Dahrendorf ɓullo da manufar wani rikici model na al'umma. Babban Buddah na ka'idarsa ne kamar haka: jama'a ne a cikin akai aiwatar da canji, shi ne makawa rikici, duk da mutum abubuwa al'umma taimaka wajen canji da kuma hadewa a cikin al'umma ne ko da yaushe mamaye wasu mambobi a kan wasu.

Microsociological ka'idar an jaddada a kan binciken na da hali na mutane a cikin zaman jama'a dangantaka. Babban theories ne microsociology phenomenology, m interactionism, zamantakewa musayar ka'idar, ethnomethodology.

M interactionism (Dzhordzh Gerbert Mead) ya furta cewa, mutane da aiki, shiryar da m dabi'u cewa kana so ka fassara. Phenomenology (Alfred Schütz) ya duba da zamantakewa gaskiya ta hanyar nazarin rayuwar yau da kullum na mutane. Ethnomethodology (Harold Garfinkel) ya bi gaskiya kamar yadda ruzultaty tafsirin mutum aiki. A ka'idar zamantakewa musayar (Dzhordzh Homans) ta dogara ne a kan ka'idodin behaviorism don bayyana zamantakewa tafiyar matakai.