Leveling - shi ne ... Trigonometric leveling. iri leveling

Leveling - wani irin geodetic ma'aunai. Tare da shi, muna neman zumunta Heights na da daban-daban maki na duniya surface. Kamar yadda al'ada matakin a irin wannan ma'aunai iya daukar irin wannan halitta abubuwa kamar koguna, tekuna, da teku, da gonakinsu, ko wasu farawa. Da gaske, leveling - definition dabi'u wucewa a surface kowane ƙi kan wani ba (reference). Irin wannan ma'aunai da ake bukata don yin wani cikakken binciken da taimako yankunan. A nan gaba, wadannan bayanai suna amfani da shiri na site tsare-tsaren, maps, ko don takamaiman aikace-aikace.

Mene ne daban-daban iri iri na leveling?

Irin wannan ma'aunai za a iya za'ayi da hanyoyi daban-daban, daban-daban kayan aiki ko fasahar amfani. Bari mu ga abin da suke da babban iri leveling. Mafi na kowa ne biyar hanyoyin: wani lissafi, trigonometric, barometric, inji kuma hydrostatic ji saman. More Masana kowane daga cikinsu.

ruhu leveling

Tare da wannan ma'auni a hanya, ƙasa amfani da musamman dogo da kuma lissafi leveling na'urar. harbi manufa ne ka shigar reluwe da shanyewar jiki da kuma ƙungiyoyin da ake so batu a kusa da surface ana karatu. Bayan haka, ta amfani da kwance sighting katako, auna tsawo bambanci. Lissafi leveling aka yi bisa ga ka'ida "daga tsakiyar" ko "gaba". A ji Hanyar cikin na farko guda biyu da maki daga cikin farfajiya saka slats, da na'urar ne equidistant tsakanin su a nesa. A binciken da sakamakon ne data wuce daya module a kan sauran. The biyu hanya ne wani classic - daya naúra da kuma daya tara. Wadannan hanyoyin da leveling sun fi na kowa. Su da aka yi amfani da shiri na biyu kananan abubuwa (gidãje), ko kuma manyan (gadoji).

trigonometric leveling

A irin wannan aunawa aiki shi ne na kowa yin amfani da musamman goniometric na'urorin, wanda ake kira theodolites. Tare da su, cire bayanai game da kusassari na son na reticle katako wanda ya wuce ta biyu daga qaddara ne da maki a farfajiya. Trigonometric leveling yadu a yi amfani topographic ma'aunai domin sanin tsawo bambanci na biyu abubuwa da suke a wani babba nesa daga juna, amma da na gani kayan aiki a cikin sashi na ganuwa.

Barometric ma'auni surface

Barometric leveling - a ji Hanyar dangane iska na yanayi matsa lamba dangane da tsawo daga cikin surface batu ne m. The karatu tsari aka yi amfani da barometer. Wannan leveling tsarin dole ne ya yi la'akari da yawan gyara zuwa ga ainihin iska zazzabi, ta zafi. Wannan hanya ya samu aikace-aikace a cikin m yankunan (msl a dutsen yanayi) a daban-daban Gwargwadon da ma'aunan kasa expeditions.

Inji (fasaha) aunawa surface

Fasaha leveling shafi yin amfani da wani musamman na'urar - leveling na'ura. Amfani da shi ne da za'ayi burbushi da profile na karatu yanki a cikin atomatik yanayin via gogayya faifai, wanda ya rubuta nesa rufe, da kuma sa ma'aunin, wanda ya kira da a tsaye. Irin wannan na'urar ne yawanci saka a kan abin hawa da kuma wucewa daga daya a tsare maki zuwa wani. Fasaha leveling domin sanin tsawo bambanci tsakanin karatu abubuwa, da nisa tsakanin su da profile na ƙasa, wanda ake gyarawa a kan musamman photowire.

Aunawa surface Hydrostatic

Hydrostatic leveling - wani Hanyar dogara ne a kan manufa da mataki na sadarwa tasoshin. Shan wannan hanya da aka yi da wani hydrostatic na'urar, wanda aiki tare da wani kuskure na zuwa biyu millimeters. Irin wannan leveling aka harhada daga wata biyu da gilashin shambura juna da tiyo, da tsarin da aka cika da ruwa. The ji tsari ne kamar haka - cikin tube a haɗe zuwa reluwe a kan abin da sikelin ne amfani. Bayan da cewa tube aka shigar a kusa da abubuwa na binciken, rarraba bisa ga ƙungiyoyin alama na lamba tamanin da bambanci na biyu matakan. Wannan zane yana da wani gagarumin drawback, wato da ya rage mata da ma'auni a zangon, wanda aka bayyana da tiyo tsawon.

The bayyana hanyoyin da leveling (sai dai inji) ne mai sauqi qwarai da kuma ba ya bukatar takamaiman sanin kaya daga sadarwarka, don haka suna amfani da ko'ina a yi da sauran sassa na tattalin arziki.

ji azuzuwan

Bugu da ari hanyoyin samar da ma'aunai, leveling za a iya raba azuzuwan daidaito. Kowace daga cikinsu yayi dace da wani irin da kuma Hanyar bayanai gyara. Ka yi la'akari da abin da su ne leveling azuzuwan.

1. A farko aji aka dauke su sosai m. Yana yayi dace da wani bazuwar rms kuskure na 0.8 millimeters da kilometer da tsanaki, shi ne 0,08 mm / km.
2. Na biyu aji ne ma dauke su sosai m. Duk da haka, kuskure ne dan kadan mafi girma - da rms kuskure ne 2.0 mm / km, kuma tsanaki - 0.2 mm / km.
3. The uku aji. Yana yayi dace da nufin square kuskure na 5.0 mm / km, kuma a tsare watsi.
4. Fourth sa. Yana yayi dace da nufin square kuskure, wanda shi ne daidai 10,0 mm / km, da tsarin da aka ma ba ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi.

Dangane da halaye na ƙasa da rikodi ayyuka sa za a iya amfani da hanyoyi dabam dabam na rikodi data. Alal misali, polygon, tare layi daya Lines ko ta leveling tabbata daga cikin murabba'ai. A karshen dabara ne mafi mashahuri, shi ne yadu amfani ga kau da data daga manyan bude yankunan da gwada da kananan giciye sassan tsawo. Bari mu yi la'akari da shi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

A fashewa da murabba'ai

Leveling tabbata daga wannan hanya da aka yi domin ya sami manyan sikelin-topographic da tsare-tsaren kwaruruka yankunan. Smooth sakawa na da maki ne m da kwanciya theodolite motsa. A tsawo - by geometrical ma'aunai amfani da wani fasaha leveling. Kan aiwatar da bayanai karatu za a iya yi a cikin biyu hanyoyi daban-daban: da leveling gammaye motsa tare da sauka a hankali rugujewar widths da murabba'ai.

Leveling murabba'ai aiki da watse a kasa ta wajen aunawa tef da theodolite (raga tare da ashirin mita cell gefen) a lokacin da auna a kan sikelin na 1: 500 da kuma 1: 1000, arba'in mita - a lokacin da harbi a 1: 2000 da kuma wani da ɗari mita a 1: 5000.

A daidai wannan lokaci shi sanya kayyade da halin da ake ciki na binciken yankin da kuma shaci kõma. Wannan hanya da aka yi da wannan hanyoyin kamar yadda a cikin theodolite binciken. Bugu da kari ga na fi Kwayoyin, a kan ƙasa gyarawa halayyar taimako abubuwa - da-aya: saman da kasa na tudu, da kuma kasa baki daga cikin rami, batu a kan layin da na Weir da watershed da sauransu.

Nasarawa ma'ana da aka halitta da kwanciya a kan waje kan iyakoki na Grid murabba'ai kuma theodolite leveling wurare, wanda aka sa'an nan a haɗe zuwa maki guda jihar cibiyar sadarwa. Height da maki da vertices daga cikin sel ƙaddara da Hanyar lissafi leveling. Idan square gefen arba'in mita tsawo da kuma ƙasa sa'an nan kuma daya tashar yayi kokarin sa ji dukkan tsare maki. A nesa daga na'urar da madauri kada wuce 100-150 mita. Idan gefen square a ɗari mita tsawo, wanda idan da matakin da aka sanya a tsakiya na kowane cell. Bisa ga filin binciken yanki da leveling murabba'ai up mujallar da kwane-kwane ma'aunai.

Magazine da shaci da leveling na murabba'ai

A mujallar shiga data a kan girman da cubicle, Grid karye zuwa kẽta nassoshi (geodetic nazari). Bugu da kari, da kayyade dauri ga abubuwa yanki - tabkuna, tsaunuka da sauransu. Har ila yau, na lura, daga abin da matsayi kwashe leveling da ƙasa. A shaci na shiga-kori-kura sakamakon kowane daga cikin murabba'ai. A saman da kyau batu na kowane cell an nuna ta baki gefen karatu tsiri (a mita), da kuma lasafta tsawo. Wannan lissafi ne yi da kwance kayan aiki. The Heights na da vertices daga cikin sel aka ƙaddara yadda bambanci tsakanin kayan aiki da kuma sararin sama a wata tashar ma'aikatan karatu.

Domin sarrafa surface na aunawa tsari ga biyu vertices leveling Kwayoyin aiki tare da biyu daban-daban tashoshin. Tanadi na kayan samu ta hanyar cire surface data farawa da kayyade da kwamfutar hannu da lura na da maki uniform jihar geodesic cibiyar sadarwa abubuwa harbi barata (theodolite leveling-shanyewar jiki), da maki, da kuma vertices na murabba'ai halin da ake ciki.

aikace-aikace hanyar

Lokacin da leveling da yankin aikace-aikace hanyar theodolite kuma leveling Darussan, karye a cikin widths, motsa sa a cikin halitta halayyar Lines daga cikin yankin, kamar weirs ko watersheds. A lokacin da irin takardunku kuma widths pickets kamata a karya kowane arba'in mita lokacin da harbi a 1: 2000 da kuma ashirin da mita a lokacin da yin fim a kan sikelin na 1: 1000 da kuma 1: 500. A matsayin da stingrays da-ma'ana abubuwa. A kan aiwatar da keta up pickets ya kamata a yi kayyade da halin da ake ciki da kuma zana da shaci. leveling records samar a cikin mujallar. Yana lura da serial lambobi na pickets, samfurori da ja da baki gefen reluwe, da nisa daga abubuwa daga cikin mafi kusa tashar. Bisa ga sakamakon harhada leveling topographical shirin na ƙasa, da mai gangara kuma a tsaye profiles na ƙasa.

The ji na surface ne advantageously za'ayi a yankunan da nufin wuri domin aikin a kan kyautata da kuma a tsaye shiryawa da ƙasa. A matsayin misali, topographical zane yanki da suke kewaye da kowane jera gini ko wuri mai faɗi da aikin lambu zone.

Mene ne matakin?

Don gudanar da wani lissafi da ma'aunai na ƙasa, wanda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a yi, amfani Matsayin bambance bambancen kayayyaki. Wadannan kayan suna, bisa ga ka'ida da aiki, za a iya raba: lantarki, Laser, hydrostatic da optomechanical. All Matsayin kawo nesa kusa sanye take da juyawa a kwance jirgin sama. A zamani zane na aunawa na'urar samar atomatik diyya ga bayarwa da aiki matsayi na na gani axis.

tarihi leveling

A farko bayanin da ya kai na zamani mutum rike da leveling, ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na farko BC, wato shiri na ban ruwa canals a zamanin d Girka da Roma. A tarihi takardun ambaci wani ruwa mita. Ya firtsi da yin amfani da sunayen dangantaka da zamanin d Girkanci masanin kimiyya Heron na Alexandria da kuma Roman m Marcus Vitruvius. A impetus ga ci gaban instrumentation da kuma hanyoyin leveling ya halittar kawo nesa kusa, a barometer, da kuma wani layin wutar farantin matakin gradirovaniya da kawo nesa kusa. Wadannan ƙarya da lãbãri ga 16-17 karnoni, sun yarda da mu wajen samar da wani tsarin da ƙasa surface daidaici harbi.

A Rasha a lokacin Bitrus da na gani shagon da aka kafa, inda a cikin wasu abubuwa samar da matakan, kawai idan aka kira su ruhu matakin da bututu. Development of leveling a cikin bitar tsunduma a IE Belyaev. A daidai wannan lokacin, akwai na farko ma'auni na'urorin, wadda ake bisa used barometers. A farkon karni na sha tara akwai na farko trigonometric matakan, tare da su taimako da aka sanya manya-manyan-sikelin aiki domin sanin bambanci tsakanin matakan na Azov da kuma Black Tekuna, auna tsawo daga Dutsen Elbrus. Amfani geometrical kida rubuta a cikin tsakiyar karni na sha tara. Saboda haka, a 1847, an yi amfani da shiri na Suez Canal. A kasar, da na lissafi leveling na surface amfani a yi na ruwa da kuma ƙasar hanyoyi. A farkon halittar na kasa jama'a cibiyar sadarwa yana dauke su 1871. Sa'an nan ya fara aiki a kayyade da shigarwa na abubuwa da aiki a matsayin tushen ga topographic binciken.

A amfani da leveling

A sakamakon haka ne halittar guda leveling geodetic cibiyar sadarwa, wanda shi ne dalilin topographic ma'aunai, ko bangarori daban-daban na geodetic ma'aunai. Harbi yadu amfani domin gudanar da bincike da kuma kimiyya dalilai: nazarin duniya crustal motsi zuwa matsa tekuna da kuma tekuna oscillations.

Leveling aka kuma yi amfani da daban-daban aikace-aikace matsaloli da cewa suna hade da gina daban-daban abubuwa, kwanciya na sadarwa, utilities da sauransu .. Ga misali, da ji yanki wajibi ne ga canja zane yanke shawara a kan tsawo, a Bugu da kari, ga taron jama'a da shigarwa na ginin Tsarin . Lokacin da warware irin wannan matsaloli, ko da yaushe amfani da data samu for surveying. Har ila yau, kawai don warware daban-daban musamman ayyuka, yi amfani da sarrafa kansa data saye tsarin. Wadannan ayyuka sun hada da, misali, gyara da gina roadway. Kwamfuta; kunshe a wani atomatik leveling kayan aiki, saka a jirgin kekunan shanu, motoci, sakamakon ƙãre profile na karatu yanki a cikin guntu yiwu lokaci.

zamani da fasaha

Don kwanan wata, saboda da musamman m cin gaban kimiyya da fasaha domin leveling na surface amfani da dama fasaha gwaninta.

1. Laser. Dalili na aiki sigogi da aka karanta yankin tare da Laser scanning na'urar.
2. Duban. Ainihin kashi na wannan na'urar ne emitting kalaman ultrasonic haska.
3. GNSS-fasahar, wanda aka haɗa zuwa sami halin yanzu tsarawa yin amfani da tauraron dan adam sadarwa. Wannan na'ura na samar da sosai high ainihin leveling.

Domin tabbatar da ingantaccen handling mai yawa bayanai kõguna samu a da ake ji da waccan mujalla da muka qwarewar, gaban da ya dace musamman software ake bukata, wanda zai gudanar da ayyuka da suka shafi ajiya, management, na gani kuma data aiki.

Modern tsarin leveling domin gina hanya

A zamani yi na matafiya ne yadu amfani sarrafa kansa tsarin. Su ba ka damar sarrafa gina hanya kayan, ba ta yanzu matsayi. A lokaci guda auto-leveling hanya ne halin high ainihin na aikin, muhimmanci kara habaka ingancin samar hanya surface da kuma rage yi lokaci. Irin wannan na'urorin ya shigar a kan pavers, planers, bulldozers, da kuma ba da damar gyara lalata haihuwa shafi lahani a lokacin da installing sabon Layer. Wadannan iko Matsayin mai gangara gangaren hanya, shi da aka yi da daidai saka da zane sigogi. Modern surface ji tsarin for hanya-gini kayan aiki ne zuwa kashi da dama iri dangane da fasahar amfani.

1. Ultrasonic na'urorin tare da daban-daban lambobin da na'urori masu auna sigina.
2. Laser kau tsarin.
3. The na'urar dogara ne a kan tauraron dan adam GPS-fasahar.
4. The uku-girma tsarin cewa aiki a kan manufa da kayan aiki.

Idan dole, duk abin da ake bukata da kuma haduwar da siffa daga cikin aikin, za a iya amfani da daya ko wasu fasaha ne kai-leveling.