Launin fata: cewa wannan ra'ayi ne a yau?

A {asar Amirka, har kwanan nan, akwai rabuwa na fari, yawan, bakaken fata, da Indiyawa, da ake kira launin fata. A definition wannan sabon abu ne mafi kyau saukar ta hanyar da shari'a da kuma gaskiyane al'amurran.

harka tarihi

Fata a dokar fara a 1865 bayan da hukuma abolition na bauta a Amurka. Shahararren 13th dokar da ta hana bauta da kuma a lokaci guda legitimized da wanzuwar raba negro makarantu, Stores, da kuma soja raka'a.

A Amurka a farkon na XX karni jerin dokoki a kan fata na kabilanci Japan, kamar "dokar ware Asians" sanya shi kusan ba zai yiwu a samu Amurka dan kasa da su da aka soma.

Household fata

A kwaminonin inda hanyar rayuwa ta canza ba shekaru da dama, mutane na daban-daban daga kasashe da al'ada selilos a ware wurare daga juna. Saboda haka, a mafi yawan biranen asali tashi iyali fata. Abin da nufin wannan za a iya kwatanta ta da misali na New York, inda a ko'ina cikin tarihin ta zama ruwan dare a kafa Negro, Sin, Japan unguwannin.

Household fata daukan yawa siffofin. Alal misali, raba ilimi ga bakaken fata, da fararen fata a Amurka dade fiye da shekara ɗari. A farko doka haramta a fata, a makarantu, da aka soma a dama US jihohin, kawai a 1954, da kuma a cikin embodiment ransa tare da aiki 'yan adawa na fari yawan jama'a.

Same mummuna sabon abu ya kasance mai ban a gauraye aure "fari" da "canza launin". Yara daga irin wannan aure da aka mai tsanani, izgili a kuma bullied. Sau da yawa ba su son dauka a kan horo da kuma Negro makarantu, da kuma makarantu domin fata.

Cases Army ...

The doka tushen fata a cikin US Army a majalisu matakin da aka aza a 1792. game da mayakan dokar ta tanadi cewa bauta iya kawai "free iya-bodied fari namiji." Kawai a cikin 1863 aka kafa shi a m tsari ga daukar ma'aikata na baƙar fata. Kuma negros bauta a raba sassa, inda har ma da mafi jami'in matsayi shagaltar da fata. Suna nuna musu wariya a lokacin da assigning a ba izini jami'in sunã sahu guda, kazalika da awarding kyautuka fiye da kowacce da kuma alamomi na fifiko.

Up to 50-ies na XX karni halin da ake ciki a cikin sojojin zauna kusan canzawa. Raba da kwatance na ayyuka, a ban on hannu a tashin, nuna bambanci a awarding lakabi - duk wannan sojojin fata. Wannan wannan sabon abu ne saba wa tsarin mulki consistently kauda, shi ya bayyana ne kawai bayan da tallafi na 1964 Civil Rights dokar.

Yanzu Jihar harkokin

fata matsaloli da kuma a yau zama quite dacewa. A rahoton na Farfesa a Jami'ar Harvard , Gary Orfilda 2006 lura da cewa kusan duk da nasarorin da al'ummar {asar Amirka, godiya ga wanda kauda fata da aka rasa na tsawon shekaru goma. Abin da wannan yana nufin a halin yanzu yanayi, shi ne mai sauki fahimta, bincika taswirar, wanda aka nuna a kan wariyar launin fata stratification a Amurka dangane da yankin na zama.

Harhada a kan tushen da fasfo data mazauna dama dozin jihohi, wadannan maps samar da wani gani misali na da wanzuwar tsanani mabukaci fata. A musamman, da duhu-skinned birane yawan Detroit, St. Louis, Birmingham ya ci gaba da shirya dabam daga fari.

Akwai kuma kishiyar view, bisa ga abin da United States ne a fili a general Trend ga juna hadewa da yawan jama'a. A cikin shekaru 10 da shekaru, launin fata da ya ki a duk manyan biranen Amirka.

An yi imani da cewa zaben na post na shugaban kasar Amurka Baraka Obamy Afirka-American yarda rage irin wannan m sabon abu kamar yadda fata. Wannan sabon abu a al'ummar {asar Amirka kusan niƙe fita, ya sanar a cikin wani rahoto tattalin arziki Edvarda Glauzera daga Harvard University da Iakova Vigdora na Jami'ar Duke.

A cikin binciken, shi Notes cewa a cikin 2010, "black ghettos" zaune kawai 20% na baki yawan of America, alhãli kuwa wannan adadi ya kai 50% a shekarar 1960. Duk da haka, mataki na hadewa a manyan biranen Amirka har yanzu ba daya, da kuma mutanen da a Atlanta, Houston, Dallas, kuma mafi Hadakar fiye da a New York. Na 13 biranen da suka fi rabo daga Afirka Amirkawa na New York ya nuna akalla so don hadewa "launi". A duk da dukan data kasance biyayya shirin, shi ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi nuna wa mata banbanci birane a Amurka.