Kwayoyi - menene wannan? Su rarrabuwa da kungiyoyin

Pharmacology - da kimiyya da karatu sakamakon kwayoyi a kan jikin mutum, hanyoyin samar da sabon kwayoyi. Ko a zamanin d Girka da kuma a India, a cikin tundra da kuma a kan kudancin gefen Afirka, mutane sun yi kokarin samun wata hanya ta yaki da cutar. Shi ne a cikin a ji na kamu da wani ra'ayi, da mafarki to wanda kudin dama.

pharmacological terminology

Medicaments - ne abubuwa ko haduwa daga gare ake amfani da su bi da cututtuka ko matsayin m matakan.

Da miyagun ƙwayoyi - wani magani wanda yake riga shirye don amfani.

Akwai daban-daban siffofin magunguna. Wannan ne yake aikata sauƙi na amfani da kuma yiwuwar wani mutum tsarin kula da lura da marasa lafiya. Bugu da kari, godiya ga dama saki siffofin iya isar da kwayoyi a cikin jiki a cikin hanyoyi da dama. Yana da sauki ga aiki tare da marasa lafiya a cikin wani sume jihar, kazalika da mutanen da suka samu raunuka da kuma konewa.

List A da B

All magunguna kasu kashi uku kungiyoyin:

- List A (poisons).

- List B (m wajen, ciki har da analgesics).

- magunguna da suke da samuwa ba tare da takardar sayen magani.

Kwayoyi na aji A da B bukatar mafi girma da hankali, don haka don samun su a cikin kantin magani cibiyar sadarwa na bukatar musamman da girke-girke. Har ila yau, kana bukatar ka san inda da kuma yadda za a adana magani. Tun da ba su iya kaskantar a hasken rana ko saya ƙarin mai guba Properties. Wasu wajen, kamar morphine, su ne batun m hisabiba. Saboda haka, kowane vial za ta shayar da mama a karshen aikin motsa tare da daidai shigarwa a cikin log. Saka a kan rikodin wasu karin magunguna: antipsychotics, da kwayoyi don maganin sa barci, alurar.

girke-girke

Girke-girke - a rubuta roko ga likita ko mai harhaɗa magunguna harhaɗa magunguna da bukatar sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi da haƙuri, ya nuna siffar, sashi da kuma Hanyar da kuma mita na aikace-aikace. Blank aiki executes nan da nan likita, shari'a, da kuma na daftarin aiki, idan da kwayoyi da aka bã su da mãsu haƙuri a kan wani fifiko ga akai, ko ba tare da biyan kudi.

Akwai dokokin da cewa shirya da dokoki domin danganci likitoci na daban-daban fannoni, da kuma matsayin su.

Drug - shi ne ba kawai abu da zai iya kawar da ciwo ko ta bayyanar cututtuka, amma guba, don haka dole ne likita daidai nuna sashi na takardar sayen magani a sallama.

allurai

A cikin nau'i na sayen magani da aka rubuta da Larabci numerals adadin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin taro ko girma raka'a na gidan goma tsarin. Entire grams rabu da wani waƙafi, misali, 1.0. Idan abun da ke ciki na miyagun ƙwayoyi hada saukad, su lambar da aka sanya ta Roman numerals. Wasu maganin rigakafi aka lasafta a cikin kasa da kasa (Iu) ko nazarin halittu raka'a (Iu).

Medicaments - abubuwa da za su iya zama a cikin m, ruwa ko gaseous form. Taya da gas a cikin girke-girke ake nuna a milliliters, a cikin hali na inhalation, likita zai iya lura da kawai kashi na bushe magani.

A ƙarshen sayen magani za a sanya hannu da likita da kuma na sirri bugu. Bugu da kari, da kayyade fasfo data na haƙuri, kamar sunan, baqaqen, ranar haihuwa. Tabbata a saka saukar da kwanan wata na sayen magani da kuma ta duration. Akwai na musamman siffofin ga rubutu prescriptions ga tallafi magunguna, hana fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, hypnotics, antipsychotics da kuma zafi. Su ãyã ba kawai likita amma kuma manyan likita na asibitin, ya tabbatar da hatimi, da kuma saman wuraren da ke kewaye da hatimi asibiti.

Haramta write ester a outpatient maganin sa barci, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine da sauran soporific wakili. A mafi yawan kasashe a Latin rubũta girke-girke da kuma shawara a kan samun kawai aka rubuta a wani harshe da cewa shi ne m ga mãsu haƙuri. Domin da miyagun kwayoyi, poisons da inganci na izinin sayarwa yana da iyaka zuwa biyar kwana, kiwon lafiya da barasa - goma, sauran za a iya saya cikin watanni biyu daga ranar da sayen magani.

Janar rarrabuwa

A halin yanzu halin da ake ciki, inda a can ne mafi m miyagun ƙwayoyi, a rarrabuwa ne cikakken zama dole domin su shiryu a su bambancin. A saboda wannan dalili, da dama al'ada jagora:

1. Warkewa amfani - samar da wata kungiyar da kwayoyi amfani da su bi wannan cuta.
2. Pharmacological mataki - a kan cewa da miyagun ƙwayoyi samar a cikin jiki.
3. Chemical tsarin.
4. Nosological manufa. Yana da kama da warkewa, amma da bambanci shi ne ma fi kunkuntar.

Rarrabuwa a kungiyoyin

A alfijir na magani, likitoci sun yi kokarin shirya kansu kwayoyi. Nau'in kamar yadda irin wannan zo ta hanyar kokarin chemists da kuma druggists, harhada kan batu na aikace-aikace. Yana hada da irin Categories:

1. Psychotropic kwayoyi da kuma aiki a kan ta tsakiya m tsarin jamiái (anxiolytics, antipsychotics, sedatives, antidepressants, antiepileptics, anti-kumburi).

2. Kwayoyi aiki a kan gefe m tsarin (ganglioplegic, anticholinergics)

3. gida m.

4. formulations musanyãwa jijiyoyin bugun gini sautin.

5. diuretic da cholagogue.

6. Kwayoyi shafi gabobin da ciki mugunya, kuma metabolism.

7. Maganin rigakafi da kuma magunguna iri iri.

8. Anticancer kwayoyi.

9. Yana nufin for bincikowa (dyes, bambanci jamiái, radionuclides).

Wannan kuma irin wannan rabuwa taimaka wa matasa da likitoci don ƙarin koyo game da data kasance kwayoyi. Rarrabuwa a kungiyoyin taimaka wa lamirinsu fahimta ginshikai na mataki na mai magani sashi da kuma tuna.

Nau'in da sinadaran tsarin

Wannan yanayin ne mafi dace da rarrabuwa na antiseptic da antimicrobial jamiái. Rarrabe bactericidal da bacteriostatic kwayoyi. Nau'in sinadaran tsarin rufe duka wadannan kungiyoyin. A sunadarai tsarin da abu nuna inji na miyagun ƙwayoyi mataki da kuma da sunan da.

1. Halides. A da ginshikin, da sinadaran kashi na halogen rukuni: chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo. Alal misali, antiformin, chloramine, pantotsid, iodoform da sauransu.
2. Oxidants. Ba shi da wuya a tsammani cewa su inji na mataki ne da nufin samuwar babban adadin free oxygen. Wadannan sun hada da hydrogen peroxide, gidroperit lu'ulu'u na potassium permanganate.
3. Acid. Suna amfani da magani a cikin manyan yawa. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu - salicylic acid da kuma boric.
4. Alkali: sodium borate, bikarmint, ammonia.
5. Aldehydes. Dalili na inji na mataki - da ikon cire ruwa daga kyallen takarda, samar da su su m. Wakilai - formalin Formidron, Lizoform, methenamine, urosal ethyl barasa.
6. Salts da nauyi karafa: mercuric chloride, Mercury maganin shafawa, calomel, lapis, colloid azurfa, da tagulla sulfate, gubar faci, tutiya oxide manna Lassara et al.
7. Phenols. Ana irritating da cauterizing sakamako. Mafi na kowa daga gare su - carbolic acid, Lysol.
8. Dyes. Amfani da bincike da kuma hanyoyin da matsayin gida irritant da antibacterial wakili. Wadannan sun hada da methylene blue, m kore, fukortsin.
9. Tars da resins, msl, Wisniewski balm, maganin shafawa Wilkinson, ichthyol, paraffin, naphthalene, Soultz. Inganta gida jini wurare dabam dabam.

m medicaments

Wadannan formulations ne wakilan da wadannan: Allunan, kwayoyi, powders, capsules da granules da sauran kwayoyi. Tabbatar da dalilin da saki form ne, ba wuya, tun yana yiwuwa tare da tsirara ido domin sanin abin da yake a gaban ku.

Allunan samu ta hanyar siffata wani foda kunshi aiki sashi da kuma karin. Yawanci wannan ne yake aikata a karkashin matsin.

Dragees - An located yadudduka aiki abubuwa da kuma excipients, OT taurare a kusa da granules.

Powders da dama amfani. Za su iya sha, ya yayyafa su raunuka, tsarma tare da Saline da daba intramuscularly ko intravenously. Rarrabe undosed da kuma sashi powders wanda, bi da bi, akwai sauki da kuma hadaddun.

A capsules ne gelatin harsashi dauke da cikin ruwa, granular, powdery ko pasty magani.

Granules ne mafi sau da yawa samu a homeopathic shirye-shirye suna da hanyar kananan barbashi (kasa da rabin millimeter).

ruwa siffofin

Ta wannan hanya na shirya wani shiri sun hada da mafita, da kuma novogalenovyh galenic formulations, salves, collodion, da kuma sauran ruwa da kuma Semi-m embodiments.

A mafita aka kafa bayan hadawa da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma sauran ƙarfi, kamar ruwa ko barasa.

Galenic shirye-shirye kunshi kawai na shuka 'ya'ya samu ta hanyar dumama.

Infusions da decoctions aka shirya daga bushe shuke-shuke. Kowace daga cikin wadannan alamu a girke-girke, ciki har da adadin sauran ƙarfi da za a yi amfani da harhaɗa magunguna.

Jiko da kuma tsame - a kan m, barasa-dauke da ruwa. Su na iya zama duka tsabta da kuma spirtovodnymi ko spirtoefirnymi. Novogalenovyh formulations bambanta daga al'ada galenic, wani babban mataki na tsarkakewa da albarkatun kasa da kuma ƙãre samfurin.

Musamman siffofin kwayoyi

Conditioners ne m ruwa da ciwon deodorising da maganin antiseptik Properties. Collodion - wani bayani da cellulose nitrate da barasa da ether hada daya zuwa shida. Musamman azahiri. Creams mallaka semifluid daidaito da kuma dauke da shuka 'ya'ya, gauraye da wani tushe, kamar glycerol, kakin zuma, paraffin, da dai sauransu Lemonades da syrups an tsara su don tabbatar da cewa yara sun fi sauƙi dauki magunguna. Ya taimaka babu karin kokarin goyon matasa haƙuri a lokacin da magani.

bakararre ruwa-ruwa da kuma m mafita su dace da allura. Suna iya zama da sauki kamar yadda wuya. Lokacin danganci ko da yaushe nuna kashi na abu da kuma girma a daya vial, kazalika da shawarwari, inda ya kamata a yi da miyagun ƙwayoyi.

m siffofi

Idan amfani a matsayin dalilin m ko mai-kamar abu da yake taushi kwayoyi. Definition, rarrabuwa, masana'antu tsari ƙara - duk wadannan tambayoyi daidai saba wa chemists da kuma harhada magunguna, likita kuma bukatar ya san kawai da kashi da kuma alamomi.

Saboda haka, maganin shafawa ya kamata a kalla ashirin da biyar cikin dari na bushe al'amarin. A dace daidaito za a iya cimma ta hanyar hadawa powders tare da kitsen dabba, da kakin zuma, da kayan lambu mai, petrolatum ko polyethylene glycol. A wannan sharudda amfani da pastas, amma suna bukatar ya zama mafi danko sosai. Liniments, a maimakon haka, ya zama mafi ruwa, da kuma kafin yin amfani da su dole ne a girgiza zuwa zaunar da foda ne a ko'ina rarraba a cikin sauran ƙarfi. Kyandirori ko suppositories ne m, amma a lokacin da ingested da sauri narke da zama ruwa. A faci ma m a dakin da zazzabi, amma da suka narke, kuma tsaya ga fata, forming wani kusa lamba.

Medicaments - abubuwa ne advantageously na shuka asalin, wanda sun halartar sinadaran ko ta jiki magani ga mãsu haƙuri ta jiki mafi alhẽri daga da suka nike.