Ka'idar harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya, da su ciki

Theories na kasuwar duniya ya wuce a wasu aiwatar da ci gaba. Babban al'amurran da suka shafi a kan abin da suka yi kokarin ba da amsa, suka "dalilin da rabo daga aiki tsakanin jihohin" da kuma "a kan abin da akai aka zaba mafi tasiri na duniya specialization."

A gargajiya ka'idar kasa da kasa ciniki

A ka'idar kamanta amfani

Wannan mahanga ta farko da aka aza ta kafa na gargajiya da tattalin arziki ka'idar Smith da Ricardo a XVIII - farkon XIX karni.

Alal misali, Smith aza harsashin ginin da ka'idar cewa dalilin da ci gaban harkokin kasuwanci ne a amfana wanda za a iya samu shigo da exporters daga musayar su kayayyakin. Suna kuma da ka'idar "cikakkar riba" an ci gaba: kasar yana da wani amfani idan yana da wani samfurin cewa dogara ne a kan kansa albarkatu, za a iya samar da daya ya fi girma fiye da sauran. Irin wannan amfanin iya zama halitta (sauyin yanayi, ƙasa haihuwa, albarkatun kasa) da kuma samu (fasahar, kayan aiki, da dai sauransu).

Fa'idodin da za su samu a kasar a kan harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya, za su kunshi a ci gaban da amfani, wanda da za su faru saboda canje-canje a cikin tsarin da specialization.

A ka'idar kamanta halin kaka na Ricardo, ɓullo da kuma ru Haberler

Yana bayani biyu na kasar, samar da 2 kaya iri iri. Ga kowace kasa zuwa yi da kwana na samar da hanyoyi, wanda a fili ya nuna samar da nau'in dukiya ga kowace kasa da riba. Wannan ka'idar Sauki, shi nuna kawai 2 kasashe da 2 dukiya, dangane da yanayin takaita cinikin da kuma aiki motsi a cikin kasar, kazalika da daga gaban gyarawa samar da halin kaka, rashin sufuri halin kaka da fasaha canje-canje. Wannan shi ne dalilin da yasa ka'idar da aka dauke su quite ilhama, amma ba ma fit daidai da real yanayin tattalin arziki.

Heckscher-Ohlin

Wannan ka'idar, halitta a karni na ashirin, aka tsara su don gani da peculiarities na cinikayya tushen mafi yawa a kan masana'antu kaya musayar (saboda wannan kasashe muhimmanci rage cinikin dogara a kan su albarkatun kasa). Bisa ga ka'idar kasa da kasa cinikayya da bambance-bambance halin kaka jawo wa kansu da kasar a cikin yi da kayayyakin, saboda gaskiyar cewa:

• a yi na daban-daban dalilai na samar da ake amfani da daban-daban rabbai.
• kasa sosai daban don samar da zama dole dalilai na samarwa.

Saboda haka dokar proportionality dalilai da karanta kamar haka: idan free cinikayya kowace kasa yake so ya kware a samar da kayayyaki, wanda ke bukatar dalilai na samar, wanda yana da kyau baiwa. International cinikayya, a gaskiya, shi ne musayar daga cikin abubuwan da suke a cikin yalwa a kan mafi rare a cikin wannan kasar.

Leontief paradox

A marigayi 40-ies na XX karni tattalin arziki Leontiev da empirical tabbaci na karshe na baya theories a kan tushen da Amurka tattalin arziki data zo zuwa wani m paradoxical sakamakon: fitar dashi, yafi aiki-m kayayyakin a Amurka, yayin da shigo da babban birnin kasar-m. Wannan ya saba wa harkokin kasuwancin duniya Heckscher-Ohlin, kamar yadda a cikin Amurka babban birnin kasar, da bambanci, aka dauke yawa mafi yawan factor fiye da aiki halin kaka. Leontiev da shawarar cewa, a wani hade tare da wani ba adadin babban birnin kasar albarkatun 1cheloveko-shekara American aiki ne 3 mutumin-shekara na aiki na kasashen, wanda aka hade da wani mafi girma, cancantar matakin na American ma'aikata. Bisa kididdigar da harhada by su, Amurka fitar dashi kaya wanda samarwa ake bukata a mafi gwani aiki da karfi, maimakon shigo da. Bisa ga wannan binciken, da samfurin da aka halitta a shekara ta 1956, wanda daukan la'akari uku dalilai: gwani aiki, low-gwani aiki da kuma babban birnin kasar.

Modern kasa da kasa cinikayya ka'idar

Wadannan theories ƙoƙari ya bayyana da siffofin na kasa da kasa cinikayya a cikin zamani duniya, wanda shi ne ba batun da dabaru na gargajiya ka'idar harkokin kasuwancin duniya. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba faruwa a wani girma tattalin arzikin, qara adadin counter ba a kaya na kama quality.

A ka'idar da samfurin rayuwar sake zagayowar

Stage na rayuwa da dukiya - ne lokacin a lokacin da shi yana da darajar a kasuwa da kuma bukatar. Akayi na samfurin rayuwa - shi ne gabatarwar da dukiya, da girma, balaga (ganiya tallace-tallace) da kuma ƙi. Lokacin da samfurin ba gamsar da bukatun da kasuwar, shi zai fara zuwa a hawa a kasa tasowa,

A ka'idar tattalin arziki na sikelin

Babban jigon wannan sakamako ne cewa a lokacin da wani musamman fasahar da matakin na kungiyar na samar da talakawan tsawon lokaci ta halin kaka za a rage matsayin girma da kayayyaki fitarwa, farga tanadi. A bukatarsa dukiya samar da riba to sayar a wasu žasashe.