Jini rukuni: jini makirci, RH

Daban-daban jini aka gyara na da yawan rarrabe, wanda zai iya adversely shafi lokacin hada biyu daban-daban kungiyoyin. внутри организма. Irin wannan sabon abu ne ya bayyana ta wurin a kan surface kuma a cikin jini na kowane rukuni na mutum haduwa agglutinogens da agglutinins, wanda suke iya rarrabe waje daga kansa erythrocytes, hana shi aiki a cikin jiki. Rigakafi da tsarin Kwayoyin daga mutum agglutinogens bare ana tsinkayarsu a matsayin barazana. Kuma ga m dalilai jiki o ƙarin tabbatar da lalata da kuma cire su tare da taimakon agglutinins dauke a cikin jini na ja jini Kwayoyin.

Ko kafin farkon XX karni, shi ya yi imani da cewa za ka iya hada wani jini da cewa ya fundamentally ba daidai ba. Kuma wani lokacin duk ƙare har mutuwa saboda transfused jini ba sani da jiki. Developing mannewa da kuma lalata ja jini Kwayoyin. Amma godiya ga Karl Landsteiner, wanda ya iya gane da kuma tabbatar da wanzuwar ja jini Kwayoyin agglutinogens da agglutinins yanzu rarrabe tsakanin jini da jini makirci zama lafiya.

jini kungiyar

A tsarin raya by Landsteiner, da ake kira da Abo. By jini shi ne classified hudu kungiyoyin dangane da agglutinogens, denoted A da B da kuma agglutinins a, b line up.

Agglutinogens (antigen) - hadaddun abubuwa, located a kan membrane na ja jini cell, suna marar sakewa da kuma gada daga iyaye.

Agglutinin (antibody) - immunoglobulins, erythrocyte jini generated a wani halitta hanya don kare jiki daga kwayoyin halittu da cewa ba su ba, a kan erythrocyte surface. Suna samar a cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, a matsayin m aiki na rigakafi da tsarin don samun cikin sunadaran da waje antigens.

Kamar yadda gani daga tebur, kowane sa na jini kungiyar antigens kuma bambancin agglutinin wanda ya ci gaba da rasa antigens domin kariya. A jini, ja jini Kwayoyin suna samar agglutinins antithesis na da irin antigens a kan membrane. Wannan bambanci wanzu, saboda haka lokacin da ingested erythrocytes na jini waje da kungiyar, sun sauri halakar antigens ba tareda žata da kansa Kwayoyin.

RH jini factor

A jini makirci kungiyoyin halatta jeri ne ma wajibi ne don la'akari da jini RH factor. RH factor - akai alama cewa bai sauya ba a kan rayuwa, kuma da jini ne a rarrabuwa tsarin Rhesus (RH). RH tsarin dogara ne a kan katin shaida na shida antigens C, D, E, c, d, e kan surface na ja da maikacin jini, da aka gano a 1940 ta Karl Landsteiner da Alexander Weiner.

Idan erythrocyte surface antigen gano D (a samu a 80% na mutane) ko da na lokaci daya gaban C da kuma E antigens, da jini nasa ne tabbatacce RH suturta RH +. A hali na wannan kungiya na antigens aka gano da RH factor ne korau Rh-.

Muhimmancin da RH factor a transfussion

Jini iya zama da ciwon guda dabi'u na Rhesus tsarin. Saboda haka, mai karɓa tare da RH-korau jini abubuwan taimako za su kawai shige wani mummunan adadi. Hakazalika, m, amma a m lokuta yarda jiko na jini da RH-korau a adadi kaɗan, a mafi 200 ml. A cikin irin wannan transfussion incompatibility ba ya faruwa, amma a infusing da jini tare da RH-korau ja jini Kwayoyin tare da m darajar lura m rigakafi mayar da martani ga wani antigen D. Lokacin ganowa waje erythrocytes rigakafi da tsarin fara nuna agglutinins (d, c, e), wanda lalacewa zuba a cikin ja da maikacin jini, wadda take kaiwa zuwa tsanani sakamakon ga mai karɓa kwayoyin. A tsarin Abo da Rhesus rarrabe duk takwas jini iri.

jini karfinsu

Jini - jini hanya, wanda ake amfani da su mayar da daidaituwa da kuma jini wurare dabam dabam na jini. Bayarwa jini dole ne jituwa duka biyu da tsarin kayan aiki da jini na mai karɓa. Na dogon lokaci shi aka yi imani da cewa akwai wani a duniya a bayarwa da kuma duniya mai karɓa. A lokacin, wadannan biyu Concepts sun kusan gano daga likita tsarin. Duk da haka, a cikin m yanayi ba tare da lokaci da m bayarwa jini irin da RH factor wani lokacin har yanzu amfani da transfusions adadi kaɗan, ba fiye da 500 ml.

By duniya bayarwa jini hada da na farko da kungiyar da kuma rhesus korau darajar 0 (I) Rh-, tun da tsarin yana da ba kai antigens. Universal Karba dauke m hudu kungiyar AB (IV) RH +, saboda gaban a kan erythrocyte membrane antigens A da B. Amma, duk da haka, wani na yau da kullum kokarin rike transfusions tare da m kungiyoyin.

Na jini rukuni: Karfinsu kewaye

Transfussion na kungiyar na tare da wani mummunan RH (0 (I) Rh-) na iya zama mai bayarwa ga duk kungiyoyin na jini da kyau da kuma RH-korau a gaggawa transfusions kuma, idan ya cancanta, su yi wani babban adadin gudunmawa ga kungiyar na tare da m yi rhesus.

Domin na farko mai karɓa jini irin da RH factor m jini mai bayarwa na iya zama na farko tabbatacce ko korau kungiyoyin 0 (I) RH - / +. A farko jini kungiyar da RH korau Refractive transfussion samar da kawai m kungiyar 0 (I) Rh-.

Karfinsu na biyu kungiyar

Na biyu korau kungiyar A (II) Rh- iya zama wani mai bayarwa ga na biyu da na hudu a wani exponent rhesus. Na biyu tabbatacce kungiyar A (II) RH + aka yi amfani a matsayin mai bayarwa-kawai na biyu da na hudu AB (IV) RH + m rhesus factor.

The mai karɓa tare da wata biyu tabbatacce kungiyar A (II) RH + jini bayarwa a iya samun farko 0 (I) RH - / + A da na biyu rukuni (II) RH - / + rhesus tare da wani exponent. Idan da sanya mai karɓa jini na rhesus korau darajar A (II) Rh- kayan transfussion tare da kungiyoyin a matsayin na biyu tabbatacce na musamman korau darajar RH.

Karfinsu kungiyar kashi uku ɗin

A matsayin na uku jini bayarwa kungiyar tare da m Rhesus factor B (III) RH +
amfani ga transfussion masu karɓa da uku da ta huɗu kungiyar na rhesus m nuna alama. A korau uku kungiyar jituwa ga kyauta ga wata uku da na hudu kungiyar na jini, domin kowane darajar RH a karɓa.

Kambun na uku kungiyar m transfused bayarwa jini na farko da na uku kungiyoyin da Rhesus korau ko tabbatacce. The uku korau faye hali karfinsu da uku da ta huɗu kungiyar tare da RH-korau.

Karfinsu na hudu kungiyar

Bayar da jini ne na huɗu kungiyar tare da m RH factor ne kawai dace da transfussion masu karɓa da m kungiyoyin da a kan biri. A karo na hudu korau ne m ga transfussion ma kawai ta huɗu kungiyar tare da korau da kyau RH.

Ga mai karɓa don a karo na hudu tabbatacce kungiyar AB (IV) RH + ne m da kuma daukan wani m darajar a duk cikakken rhesus jini kungiyar da RH wani dabi'u. Lokacin da RH-korau transfusions amfani da mai bayarwa ja jini Kwayoyin dukkan kungiyoyin kawai tare da korau rhesus.

Kasada na transfussion na m kungiyoyin

Babban hadarin a jini ne agglutination.

Agglutination - erythrocytes bonding tsari, wadda take kaiwa zuwa ga halaka su tasowa a lamba tare da jiki a cikin jini agglutinogens to wanda za a tura ma ɓullo da jini agglutinin. Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai agglutination lokacin da hada jini da irin wannan antigens da agglutinins A kuma wani, kuma b. A irin wannan hade da antibody (a ko b) ɓullo da ga samarwar antigen (A ko B) hallaka bayarwa ja da maikacin jini, sakamakon su m magance da kuma hemolysis (bazuwar). Jini shi ne babban transporter na oxygen zuwa duk Kwayoyin a cikin jiki, don haka daga baya rushewar ja jini Kwayoyin aka kafa transfussion buga, wanda zai iya haifar da tsanani sakamakon har ma da mutuwa. Shi ne saboda irin girma da hankali ga kasada na jini makircinsu jini kungiyar jituwa da juna.

Abo da Rhesus tsarin shi ne babban a cikin rarrabuwa, amma ba daya kawai. A surface na erythrocyte membrane located yawa wasu antigens wanda a halin yanzu da hannu a cikin selection na jituwa jini. Amma, mafi kuma mafi masu zaman kansu asibitoci bugu da žari ƙayyade gaban ko rashi na rare Kell antigen, wanda idan m bayarwa ja jini Kwayoyin ba su jituwa da wani.