Hypoeutectoid karfe: tsarin, Properties, samarwa da kuma amfani da

A amfani da carbon karfe yadu a yi da kuma masana'antu. A rukunin da ake kira fasaha baƙin ƙarfe yana da abũbuwan amfãni mãsu yawa da kai ga ya karu yi na karshen kayayyakin da kayayyaki. Tare da ganiya ƙarfi ne, kuma jure danniya, wannan gami da m kuma tsauri Properties. A musamman, pro-eutectoid karfe, wanda shi ma yana da wani babba yawan abun da ke ciki na carbonaceous garwayayye mai daraja ga high ductility. Amma dai ba duka amfanin da dama high-ƙarfi baƙin ƙarfe.

Janar bayani a kan gami

The bayãnin hukuncin dukiyar da karfe ne da kasancewar a cikin tsarin musamman gami da carbon impurities. A gaskiya, a kan carbon ciki da niyya pro-eutectoid gami. Yana da muhimmanci a rarrabe tsakanin gargajiya da kuma eutectoid da ledeburitic karfe, wanda da yawa a cikin na kowa tare da bayyana irin fasaha baƙin ƙarfe. Idan muka yi la'akari da aji na tsarin karfe, gami za doevtektoidnyh bi eutectoid, amma dauke da wani bangare na doped ferrite da pearlite. A babba bambancin daga hypereutectoid carbon matakin kasancewa a kasa 0.8%. Wucewa wannan nuna alama damar koma zuwa cikakken eutectoid karfe. A wasu hanyoyi gaban doevtektoida ne hypereutectoid karfe, a cikin abin da Bugu da kari na perlite kuma ƙunshi impurities sakandare carbides. Kamar haka, akwai biyu main abubuwan da damar ware hypoeutectoid gami da janar kungiyar eutectoid. Da fari dai, shi ne mai gwada kananan abun ciki na carbon, kuma abu na biyu, musamman sa na impurities wadda ake bisa ferrite.

masana'antu da fasaha

Overall aiwatar pro-eutectoid karfe masana'antu tsari ne kama da samar da wasu gami. Wannan shi ne, ta amfani kamar guda dabaru, amma a wasu jeri. Musamman da hankali hypoeutectoid karfe bukatar samun a sassa na da takamaiman tsarin. Domin wannan fasaha ne da hannu don tabbatar da bazuwar na austenite a kan sanyaya bango. Bi da bi, da austenite aka hada tare da cakuda kunsha guda ferrite da pearlite. Ta gasa da kuma sanyaya kudi tsari da dabara iya sarrafa watsawa na ƙari, abin da kyakkyawan rinjayar da samuwar wasu yi halaye na kayan.

Duk da haka, da carbon bangaren bayar perlite zauna a wannan matakin. Ko da yake m annealing iya yin sabawa ga samuwar microstructure, da carbon ciki za su kasance cikin 0.8%. An wajabta mataki a cikin samuwar wani karfe da tsari da kuma daidaita. Wannan hanya ake bukata domin optimizing fractional hatsi na wannan austenite. A wasu kalmomin, ferrite da perlite barbashi an rage wa mafi kyau duka size, wanda kara inganta fasaha da kuma ta jiki halaye na karfe. Wannan shi ne wani hadadden tsari wanda mai yawa na dumama dogara a kan ingancin tsari. Idan wuce da yawan zafin jiki, da shi zai iya da kyau a bayar da kishiyar sakamako - kara austenite hatsi.

annealing na karfe

Annealing aka aikata ta amfani da hanyoyin da dama. A fundamentally daban-daban fasahar cikakken da kuma bai cika annealing. A cikin farko idan akwai wani m dumama zuwa austenite mika mulki zazzabi, bayan da daidaita ne da za'ayi da sanyaya. Nan da nan austenite lalace. Yawanci, cikakken annealing na steels samar a cikin yanayin 700-800 ° C. Zafi magani a wani matakin kawai ferrite activates tafiyar matakai na Lalacewar abubuwa. A sanyaya kudi ne ma amenable don gyara, misali, ma'aikaci zai iya sarrafa makera jam'iyya kofa, rufe ko bude shi. New model isothermal makera iya ta atomatik gudanar da wani jinkirin sanyaya, daidai da wata qaddara shirin.

Game da m annealing, shi da aka yi da dumama a zazzabi sama 800 ° C. Duk da haka, akwai tsanani hani akan lokaci retaining cikin m zafin jiki effects. Saboda wannan dalili, akwai wani m annealing, a cikin abin da ferrite ba bace. Saboda haka, ba shafe ta da kuma a jam'i na gaba ƙarara abu tsarin. Me ya sa bukatar wani wargi steels, idan ba inganta jiki halaye? A gaskiya, shi ne bai cika zafi magani damar ci gaba mai taushi irin zane. A karshe abu na iya bukatar ba a kowane yanki na aikace-aikace, wanda shi ne halayyar for carbon steels kamar yadda irin wannan, amma za su iya samar da machined. Soft pro-eutectoid gami ba tare da musamman wahala amenable yankan da kuma rahusa halin kaka a cikin masana'antu tsari.

gami daidaita

Bayan harbe-harben zo da nuna of dagagge zafi magani hanyoyin. Ware daidaita aiki da kuma dumama. A lokuta biyu shi ne wani thermal tasiri a kan workpiece a da zazzabi za a wuce 1000 ° C. Amma da kanta daidaita doevtektoidnyh fara faruwa bayan kammala zafi magani. A wannan mataki shi farawa sanyaya a yanzu iska yanayi a wadda daukan hotuna na faruwa don kammala samuwar lafiya austenite. Wannan shi ne, kadan ne wani nau'i ne na shiri ayyukan kafin kawo gami a cikin bisa al'ada yanayin. Idan muka magana game da takamaiman tsarin canje-canje, mafi sau da yawa suna bayyana a wani karu a size of ferrite da pearlite, kazalika don su kara taurin. A ƙarfi halaye na barbashi an ƙara a yi kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan halaye, aka samu annealing hanyoyin.

Bayan daidaita iya bi ta wani zafi magani tare da wani dogon rufe gudun. Sa'an nan kuma, preform an sanyaya, kuma wannan mataki za a iya yi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Gacin ƙarshe na Abubuwan hypoeutectoid karfe ko kuma ya juya a cikin iska ko a cikin tanda tare da jinkirin sanyaya. Kamar yadda yi nuna, mafi high quality-gami da aka kafa ta dauke da fitar da wani cikakken daidaita fasaha.

Zazzabi sakamako a kan gami tsarin

Tsangwama zafin jiki a kan aiwatar da kafa karfe tsarin farawa tare da canji na ferrite-cementite zuwa austenite taro. A wasu kalmomin, da pearlite fitowa ya bayyana aikin cakuda wanda jera zama tushe ta samar da wata high ƙarfi karfe. A mataki na gaba na thermal daukan hotuna taurare karfe samun kawar da wuce haddi ferrite. Kamar yadda muka rigaya muka gani, ba a ko da yaushe gaba daya rabu da shi, kamar yadda a cikin hali na bai cika annealing. Amma classic doevtektoidnyh gami har yanzu ya shafi kau na austenite bangaren. A na gaba mataki ne riga samuwa don inganta abun da ke ciki na lissafi a kan samuwar da gyara tsarin. Wannan shi ne, akwai wani rage daga cikin gami barbashi da rabo daga ƙara ƙarfin Properties.

Isothermal canji tare da cakuda cika da qarfin austenite iya yi a cikin daban-daban halaye da kuma yawan zafin jiki matakan - kawai daya daga cikin sigogi da iko da fasaha. Ganiya jinkiri ma bambanta thermal tasiri, sanyaya kudi da kuma t. D. Dangane da aka zaɓa Yanayin daidaita samu taurare karfe da musamman fasaha da kuma ta jiki halaye. Shi ne a wannan mataki kuma suna da damar su tambaye musamman da kuma na sarrafawa Properties. A daukan hankali misali ne gami da laushi irin zane, sakamakon a cikin ingantaccen kara aiki. Amma mafi masana'antun har yanzu shiryar da bukatun karshen mai amfani da bukatun ga ainihin fasaha da kuma aiki halaye na karfe.

tsarin karfe

daidaita yanayin a zazzabi at 700 ° C yana sa da samuwar tsarin a cikin abin da tushe zai zama ferrite da pearlite hatsi. Af, maimakon na hypereutectoid karfe na ferrite tsarin yana da wani cementite. A dakin da zazzabi a wani al'ada jihar aka lura da abun ciki da wuce haddi ferrite, ko da kara wannan yanki na carbon da aka rage girmanta. Yana da muhimmanci a jaddada cewa tsarin da karfe a cikin wani karamin mataki dogara a kan carbon ciki. Ya na da kusan babu sakamako a kan hali na babban aka gyara a cikin wannan zafin rana, kuma kusan dukan mayar da hankali a pearlite. A gaskiya, domin perlite kuma iya sanin ko matakin na carbon cakuda - yawanci wani karamin yawa.

Wani mai ban sha'awa tsarin nuance. Gaskiyar cewa barbashi na perlite kuma ferrite da ciwon guda musamman nauyi. Wannan yana nufin cewa yawan daya daga wadannan aka gyara a dunƙule iya gano abin da suka shagaltar da jimlar yankin. Kamar wancan karatu microsection surface. Dangane da yanayin da zafi samar pro-eutectoid karfe, kafa da fractional sigogi austenite barbashi. Amma shi ne kusan a kan wani mutum-akai tare da samuwar musamman dabi'u - wani abu da ya rage da misali iyaka domin daban-daban sigogi.

Kadarorin doevtektoidnoy karfe

Wannan ƙarfe tana nufin m karfe, don haka da takamaiman yi halaye ba za a iya sa ran daga gare shi. Isar da shi a ce da ƙarfi halaye na gami muhimmanci hasarar eutectoid. Wannan shi ne saboda kawai ga bambance-bambance a tsarin. Gaskiyar cewa doevtektoidnyh sa karfe dauke da wuce haddi da baƙin ƙarfe ne na baya ƙarfi analogs da ciwon ciminti a tsarin sa. Jera saboda wannan dalilin, da fasahar domin gina kansu da shawarar a yi amfani da gami a samar da abin da aka aiwatar da matsakaicin harbe-harben aiki tare da korar ferrites.

Idan muka magana game da kyau kwarai Properties na wannan abu, sa'an nan su ne a ductility, juriya da na halitta nazarin halittu aiwatar da halaka da kuma sauransu. D. Da wannan quenching doevtektoidnyh steels iya ƙara karfe da kuma yawan ƙarin fasali. Alal misali, yana iya zama wani babban thermal juriya, da kuma rashin laulayi lalata matakai, kazalika da wani sa na m Properties na al'ada low carbon gami.

Fields na aikace-aikace

Duk wani kadan karu a ƙarfi Properties saboda da karfe na zuwa aji na ferritic steels, wannan abu ne rarraba a cikin fagage daban-daban. Alal misali, a cikin aikin injiniyan inji amfani sassa sanya daga karfe doevtektoidnyh. Wani abu da amfani high sa gami, da yi na abin da aka yi amfani da m harbe-harben fasaha da kuma daidaita. Har ila yau, tsarin pro-eutectoid karfe tare da wani low abun ciki na ferrite damar yin amfani da karfe a yi na ginin Tsarin. Bugu da ƙari, cikin araha kudin wasu maki na karfe na irin wannan ya sa ya yiwu lissafa a kan gagarumin tanadi. Wani lokaci, a cikin yi da kayan gini da kuma karfe kayayyaki ba ya bukatar hakan ƙarfi amma bukatar sa juriya da kuma elasticity. A irin haka ne kawai wajaba aikace-aikace doevtektoidnyh gami.

samarwa

Yi, shiri da kuma saki na pro-eutectoid karfe a Rasha tsunduma a da yawa harkokin kasuwanci. Alal misali, Ural shuka nonferrous karafa (UZTSM) ƙera dama maki na karfe na irin wannan, miƙa mai amfani da daban-daban sa na fasaha da kuma jiki Properties. Ural Karfe shuka samar ferrite karfe, wanda dauke da high quality-gami aka gyara. Bugu da kari, wani tsari na samuwa gyare-gyare na musamman gami, ciki har da superalloys, da kuma high-chromium bakin karfe.

Daga cikin manyan kera za a iya gano, da kuma kamfanin "Metalloinvest". A wuraren da kamfanin suna samuwa tsarin karfe tare da doevtektoidnoy tsarin, tsara don amfani a yi. A lokacin, karfe Mills shuka aiki a kan sabon matsayin, wanda damar inganta mãsu rauni da kuma ferrite gami - ƙarfi halaye. A musamman, da fasahar kamfanin aiki don inganta danniya tsanani factor, don inganta tauri da kuma juriya gajiya yi. Wannan yale mu mu bayar gami kusan duniya nufi.

ƙarshe

Akwai da dama fasaha da kuma aiki Properties na masana'antu da kuma yi karafa, wanda suna dauke da muhimmanci da kuma a kai a kai inganta. Duk da haka, kamar yadda haduwar Tsarin da kuma matakai fito fili, da kuma sabon bukatun ga hardware aka gyara. A wannan batun, wani haske bayyana kanta pro-eutectoid karfe, cikinsa da daban-daban mayar da hankali wasan kwaikwayon. A amfani da wannan ƙarfe ba shi barata a lokuta inda dole abu da mahara matsananci-high yi, kuma a halin da bukatar musamman wadanda ba misali sets of daban-daban Properties. A wannan yanayin da karfe nuna wani misali da wani hade da sassauci da kuma ductility tare da mafi kyau duka tasiri juriya da kuma manyan m halaye na hali na mafi carbon gami.