Hydrogen oxide: shirye-shiryen da kaddarorin

A mafi muhimmanci da na kowa abu a kan wannan duniya tamu, ba shakka, ruwa. Abin da za a iya kwatanta da shi a muhimmancin? An sani cewa rayuwar duniya shine sanya yiwuwa ne kawai tare da zuwan ruwa. Kamar yadda ruwa yake a (hydrogen oxide), daga sunadarai ra'ayi? Abin da shi ne a, da abin da kaddarorin? Ka yi kokarin fahimtar wannan labarin.

Hydrogen da mahadi

A mafi sauki zarra a cikin dukan na lokaci-lokaci tsarin - hydrogen. Ya riqe wani dual matsayi, kwance cikin subgroup na halogens, kazalika da farko kungiyar da kuma cikin Alkali karafa. Abin da ya bayyana irin wannan fasali? Its harsashi lantarki tsarin zarra. Ya na daya kadai electron, wanda zai iya zama da sauki kamar yadda iznin, da kuma hašawa kansa wani, forming biyu, kuma kammala da matsanancin Layer.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa babban da kawai mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin abubuwa 1 da kuma -1. Yana sauƙi reacts tare da karafa kafa hydrides - involatile m gishiri-kamar fili da farin launi.

Duk da haka kuma saukin haifar hydrogen kwayoyin da kuma maras tabbas abubuwa hulda da nonmetals. Ga misali:

• hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S;
• methane CH _4;
• silane Sih ₄ da sauransu.

A general, da mahadi hydrogen haifar isa. Duk da haka, mafi muhimmanci abu, wanda shi ne hada da, shi ne hydrogen oxide wanda dabara ne H ₂ O. Wannan shi ne aka sani fili wanda ya gane da dabara ko da firamare dalibi, ba tukuna saba da sunadarai. Bayan ruwa (kuma wannan ne mafi girma oxide na hydrogen) - ba kawai da na kowa kaya, amma kuma tushen rai a wannan duniya tamu.

A sosai sunan kashi nuna ta babban jigon - hydrogen, watau "haihuwar da ta ruwa." Kamar kowane sauran oxide, aiki kuma shi ne mai binary fili ciwon yawan jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Bugu da ƙari, akwai na musamman halaye, wanda ya bambanta da ruwa daga duk wasu mahadi.

Wani muhimmin aji na mahadi wanda ya samar da hydrogen ne acid, duka biyu Organic da ma'adinai.

Chemical Properties na hydrogen

Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na reactivity, hydrogen - isasshe da karfi rage wakili. A da yawa halayen shi nuna kamar irin kaddarorin. Duk da haka, da hulda da wani karfi karafa, ya zama oxidant.

Da muhimmanci sosai a masana'antu ne da dauki na hydrogen tare da karfe oxides. Yana hanya daya na samun latest a wani m form. Vodorodotermiya - a metallurgical hanya domin kira na m karfe oxides ta rage tare da hydrogen.

A dauki tare da hydrogen oxide yana da wadannan janar form: Ni _x Yã _y + H ₂ = H ₂ Ya + Ni.

Hakika, wannan ba shine kawai hanya domin kira na m karafa. Akwai wasu. Duk da haka, da hydrogen akan rage oxides - isasshe energetically m da kuma sauki masana'antu tsari wanda ya samu m aikace-aikace.

Har ila yau ban sha'awa shi ne da alama cewa a lokacin da gauraye da iska, hydrogen gas iya samar da wani fashewar cakuda karfi. Its sunan da aka detonating gas. A saboda wannan dalili, hadawa ya kamata a yi a cikin kudi na biyu kundin na hydrogen daya oxygen.

Ruwa - hydrogen oxide

Gaskiyar cewa oxide da muhimmanci sosai, mun riga mun ambata sau da yawa. Yanzu, bari mu fahince shi cikin sharuddan sunadarai. Shin wannan fili nasa ne wannan aji na inorganic abubuwa?

Don yin wannan, kokarin rubuta kadan daban-daban dabara: H ₂ Ya = HOH. A kasa line ne guda a matsayin yawan sunadaran tsohon, duk da haka, shi ne a yanzu a fili yake cewa muna fuskantar wani hydroxide. Abin da kaddarorin kamata shi da? Ka yi la'akari da dissociation daga mahadi:

HOH = H ⁺ + OH ^-.

Saboda haka, da kaddarorin da acidic, saboda hydrogen ba a cikin bayani da cations. Bayan da babban za su iya a ba kawai kafa bayan da Alkali karafa.

Saboda haka, wani sunan da cewa yana da hydrogen oxide - oxyacid sosai sauki abun da ke ciki. Da zarar wannan hadaddun saƙa halayyar wani ba DNA, saboda haka, da kaddarorin zai kasance na musamman. Kuma Properties ake mayar daga tsarin da kwayoyin, don haka shi da kuma bincika.

A tsarin da ruwa guda daya a

A karo na farko a kan wannan model tunani Niels Bohr, kuma ya nasa ne da gasar da kuma rubuta wannan batu. Aka saita su da wadannan siffofin.

1. The ruwa kwayoyin - a dipole, tun da abubuwa a cikin tsarinta ƙwarai bambanta meaningfully electronegativity.
2. Its siffar ne triangular, a gindi - hydrogen, kuma a saman - da oxygen.
3. Saboda wannan tsarin, da abu iya kafa hydrogen shaidu kamar tsakanin guda kwayoyin, da kuma sauran mahadi ciwon abun da ke ciki karfi da electronegative kashi.

View kamar kyan gani, hydrogen dubi schematically oxide, za a iya hoton da ke ƙasa.

Jiki Properties na hydrogen oxide

wasu muhimman halayyar siffofin za a iya bayyana.

1. Form: gaseous - tururi, ruwa, m - snow, kankara.
2. Tafasar batu - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. Narkewa batu - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Ruwa iya ji ƙyama a lokacin da mai tsanani a da zazzabi kewayon 0-4 ⁰ C. Wannan ya bayyana samuwar kankara a farfajiya, wanda yana da ƙananan yawa da kuma adana rayuwa a karkashin wani Layer na hydrogen oxide.
5. The darajar da zafi iya aiki, duk da haka, sosai low thermal watsin.
6. A cikin ruwa a jihar hydrogen oxide farfado danko.
7. A musamman dukiya iya kira da surface tashin hankali da kuma samuwar na korau lantarki yuwuwar a farfajiya.

Kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, musamman da kaddarorin dogara ne a kan tsari. Saboda haka shi ne a nan. Da ikon samar hydrogen shaidu suka kai ga irin wannan fasali na fili.

Hydrogen oxide: Chemical Properties

Daga mahangar sunadarai, da ruwa aiki ne high isa. Musamman idan ya zo ga halayen tare da dumama. Abin da yake iya maida martani oxide hydrogen?

1. Tare da karafa da cewa su ne a jere voltages zuwa hydrogen. Kamar wancan ne mafi aiki (ga Al) ba ya bukatar yanayi na musamman, da kuma da ƙananan rage ikon amsa tare da tururi kawai. Wadanda suke, bayan hydrogen, ba su iya tafiyar da wannan interactions.
2. Tare da wadanda ba karafa. Ba duk, amma mafi. Alal misali, a cikin wani yanayi na wani sunadarin flourine ruwa Violet harshen konewa. Har ila yau, da dauki iya zama chlorine, carbon, silicon da sauran kwayoyin halitta.
3. Tare da karfe oxides (asali) da kuma acid (nonmetals). Shin kafa, bi da bi, alkalis kuma acid. Daga cikin karafa domin irin halayen m wakilan biyu na farkon babban kungiyoyin na subgroups, fãce beryllium da magnesium. Non-karafa da cewa samar da acidic oxides amsa tare da ruwa duk. An togiya ne kogin yashi - Sio _2.

Jadawalin halayen hydrogen oxide matsayin misali, kamar haka: SO ₃ + H ₂ Ya = H ₂ SO _4.

Rarraba a cikin yanayi

Mun riga samu daga cewa abu - ya fi na kowa a duniya. Nuna a fakaice da yawan abun ciki na abubuwa.

1. Game da 70% na nauyin jikin mutum da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wasu fauna oxide hada da hydrogen game da 98% (jellyfish).
2. 71% na Duniya rufe da ruwa.
3. Matsakaicin nauyi na ruwa daga cikin tekuna.
4. Game 2% ne kunshe ne a cikin glaciers.
5. 0,63% ne mai karfi a cikin ƙasa.
6. 0,001% daga cikin yanayi (hazo).
7. shuka jiki kunshi 50% ruwa, wasu jinsunan fi.
8. Mutane da yawa daga cikin mahadi samu a crystalline tsari dauke da mamaye ruwa.

Ci gaba da jerin iya zama dogon, saboda da wuya a tuna da wani abu, wani ɓangare wanda bai hada da ruwa, ko a lokacin da wani abu ba a hada. Ko kafa ba tare da hannu na oxide.

Hanyar ga shirye-shiryen

Shiri masana'antu darajar yana da wani hydrogen oxide. Bayan duk, sauki don amfani da shirye-sanya kafofin - koguna, da tabkuna da kuma sauran gawawwakin ruwa fiye da suke ciyarwa a babbar adadin kuzari da kuma sunadarai. Saboda haka, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da shi ne ya dace kawai ya samu distilled, matsananci-ruwa mai tsarkakẽwa.

Domin wadannan dalilai, yi amfani da takamaiman apparatuses kamar stills. Irin wannan ruwa ake bukata domin da yawa sinadaran halayen, tun da danyen ƙunshi yawa impurities, salts, ions.

A nazarin halittu rawa

Don ce cewa ruwa da ake amfani a ko'ina, ba a ce wani abu. Yana ba abu mai yiwuwa su yi tunanin rayuwa ba tare da wannan connection. Daga farkon safe har dare mutane suna kullum amfani da shi duka a cikin gida da kuma masana'antu dalilai.

Properties na hydrogen oxide unsa da amfani da shi a matsayin duniya da sauran ƙarfi. Kuma ba kawai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Amma kuma a cikin halittu masu rai, inda kowane biyu wuri dubban biochemical halayen.

Har ila yau, ruwa ne da kanta a takara da yawa a cikin syntheses, shi ma hidima a matsayin ta-samfurin sakamakon su. Kowane mutum a duniya domin shekaru 60, ya wuce ta kanta game da 50 ton na wannan ban mamaki abu!

Oxide hydrogen da ake amfani da:

• a duk masana'antu.
• magani.
• sinadaran kira.
• duk wani nau'i na masana'antu.
• iyali bukatu.
• aikin noma.

Yana da wuya a tantance fannin rayuwa a cikin abin da daya zai iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa. Kawai halittu masu rai da ciwon ba hydrogen oxide a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma rayuwa ba tare da shi, suna ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wani mutum wuya a magance wadannan kwayoyin.