Hydrogen fluoride: halaye da kuma aikace-aikace

Daga cikin mahadi halogens - abubuwa 7 kungiyoyin da babban rukunin na lokaci-lokaci tebur na sinadaran abubuwa na Mendeleev - babban m muhimmanci shi ne hydrogen fluoride. Tare da sauran hydrogen halides, shi da ake amfani a daban-daban rassan na kasa tattalin arzikin: for fluorinated robobi, hydrofluoric acid da kuma ta salts. A cikin wannan takarda mun yi nazarin tsarin da kwayoyin, da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na wannan abu da kuma la'akari da amfani.

Tarihi na samu

A 17th karni K. Shvankvard da kwarewa tare da ma'adinai fluorspar kuma acid sulphate. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa gas da aka samo asali a lokacin da dauki wanda ya fara erode daga gilashi farantin, rufe da tube tare da reagent cakuda. Wannan gaseous fili zama da aka sani hydrogen fluoride.

Hydrofluoric acid da aka samu a cikin 19 karni Gay Lussac daga wannan albarkatun kasa: fluorite da sulfuric acid. Ampere ya gwajen ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin tsarin da HF kwayoyin ne kama da hydrogen chloride. Yana kuma da dangantaka da mai ruwa-ruwa mafita na hydrogen halides. Da bambance-bambance da lãbãri a gare ikon acid: hydrofluoric - rauni, kuma chloride - karfi.

jiki Properties

Gas tare da sinadaran dabara HF yana da wani pungent halayyar wari, colorless, dan kadan m fiye iska. Daga cikin halides HI- HBr- HCl- ruwan aya da kuma narkewa smoothly canza, kuma miƙa mulki ga HF sharply karu. Bayani na wannan sabon abu hada da kwayoyin hydrogen fluoride siffofin abõkan tarayya (rukuni na tsaka tsaki gaɓũɓuwa, tsakanin wanda akwai hydrogen shaidu). Don karya su na bukatar karin makamashi, don haka da yawan zafin jiki na tafasar da kuma narkewa maki karuwa. Bisa ga Manuniya na da yawa daga gas a cikin kewayon kusa da tafasar batu (19.5), hydrogen fluoride aka hada da aggregates da wani talakawan abun da ke ciki na HF _2. Idan mai tsanani sama 25 ^{° C,} wadannan gidaje decompose hankali, kuma a zazzabi na game da 90 ^{° C,} hydrogen fluoride YAKE kwayoyin na HF.

Yadda cire ftorgidrid

Hanyar domin samun abubuwa ba a karkashin awon yanayi, wanda muka ambata, da kuma a cikin masana'antu, kusan kome ba sãɓã, a cikinsa: da reagents duk daya ne fluorspar (fluorite) da kuma acid sulphate.

A ma'adinai adibas aka shirya a Primorye Zabaikalye, Mexico, USA, da farko wadãtar da flotation, sa'an nan a yi amfani da fasaha aiwatar da HF, wanda yana da za'ayi a cikin na musamman karfe Tanderu. Su aka caje da kuma gauraye tama da acid sulphate. Wadãtar da tama ƙunshi 55-60% na _fluorite. Ganuwar da tanda da liyi tare da gubar zanen gado, kamawa hydrogen fluoride. Wannan aka tsarkake a cikin wanka Ginshiƙi ya sanyaya sa'an nan takaice. Domin samun hydrogen fluoride, Rotary kilns ake amfani da shi, a kaikaice heatable da wutar lantarki. Mass sulusi da murabba'i HF fitarwa ne game da 0,98, amma tsari ya drawbacks. Yana da quite tsawo da kuma bukatar a manyan amfani da acid sulphate.

A polarity da kwayoyin HF

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride aka hada da barbashi da ciwon da ikon su ɗaure wa juna da kuma siffar aggregates. Wannan shi ne saboda da ciki tsarin da kwayoyin. Tsakanin hydrogen da sunadarin flourine kwayoyin halitta, mai ƙarfi sinadaran bond, kira iyakacin duniya covalent. An wakilta janar electron biyu, canja zuwa mafi electronegative sunadarin flourine zarra. Saboda haka ftorgidrida kwayoyin ne iyakacin duniya, kuma suna da tsari dipoles.

Tsakanin su akwai sojojin na electrostatic janye, wadda take kaiwa zuwa bayyanar da abõkan tãrayya. bond tsawon tsakanin hydrogen da sunadarin flourine kwayoyin halitta ne 92 nm, da kuma samar da makamashi ne daidai da 42 KJ / mol. Dukansu gaseous da ruwa abu kunshi wani polymer saje da siffar H ₂ F _2, F ₄ H _4.

sinadaran Properties

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride yana da ikon amsa tare da salts na carbonate, silicate, sulfide nitrite kuma acid. Exhibiting oxidative Properties, HF recovers sama mahadi zuwa carbon dioxide, silicon tetrafluoride, hydrogen sulphide da nitric oxides. Mai ruwa-ruwa 40% bayani na hydrogen fluoride halaka kankare, gilashin, fata, roba, da kuma ma interacts tare da wasu oxides, kamar Cu ₂ O. The samfurin da aka samu free jan karfe, tagulla fluoride da ruwa. Akwai wani rukuni na abubuwa da wanda HF ba ta amsawa, msl, nauyi karafa, kazalika da magnesium, da baƙin ƙarfe, aluminum, nickel.

The ruwa-ruwa bayani na hydrogen fluoride

Yana yana da sunan hydrofluoric acid da aka yi amfani da fom na 40% kuma 72% mafita. Hydrogen fluoride, halayyar da sinadaran Properties na wanda ya dogara a kan ta maida hankali, da rashin iyaka narkewa a cikin ruwa. A wannan yanayin, kadan ne generated da cewa ya bayyana wannan tsari kamar yadda exothermic. A matsayin matsakaici karfi acid, wani ruwa-ruwa bayani na HF reacts tare da karafa (canzawa dauki). Kafa gishiri - fluorides -, da kuma hydrogen da aka saki. Ba su amsa tare da hydrofluoric acid m karafa - platinum da zinariya, da gubar. Acid passivates shi, Ina nufin Forms m fim a kan wani karfe surface kunshi wani insoluble gubar fluoride. The mai ruwa-ruwa HF bayani na iya ƙunsar baƙin ƙarfe gauraye arsenic, sulfur dioxide, wanda idan shi ne ake kira fasaha acid. Mayar da hankali 60% HF bayani yana da muhimmanci a cikin kwayoyin roba sunadarai. Yana da aka adana a cikin roba ko Teflon kwantena, da kuma hydrofluoric acid tonnage hawa a karfe tankuna.

Aikin na hydrofluoric acid a cikin tattalin arzikin

A bayani na hydrogen fluoride used domin samar da ammonium borofluoride, wanda yake shi ne bangaren da juyi a ferrous da nonferrous metallurgy. Har ila yau, shi da ake amfani a cikin electrolysis tsari zuwa samu tsarki boron. Hydrofluoric acid da ake amfani a samar da kremneftoridov, misali, kamar Na ₂ SiF _6. Ana amfani da samar da siminti da kuma enamels resistant zuwa ma'adinai acid.

Flyuaty ba kayan gini mai hana ruwa Properties. A kan aiwatar da su aikace-aikace wajibi ne a yi hankali, saboda duk kremneftoridy mai guba. An ruwa-ruwa bayani na HF ma amfani a samar da roba lubricating mai. Ba kamar ma'adinai, suka riƙe da danko da kuma samar da wani m film a kan surface na aiki sassa, compressors, gearboxes, bearings a duka biyu high da kuma low yanayin zafi. Na bayar da muhimmanci shi ne mai ruwa-ruwa hydrogen fluoride a etching (matting) gilashi, kazalika a semiconductor masana'antu inda aka yi amfani da silicon etching.

Sunadarin flourine-dauke da roba

Mafi mashahuri na wadannan ne Teflon (ptfe - 4). Yana da aka bude da hatsari. Organic sunadarai Roy Plankett, tsunduma kira freons, samu a cylinders da gaseous ethylene cheteryhhloristym adana a abnormally low zafin jiki na ba gas, kamar yadda wani farin foda, m ga tabawa. An gano cewa a high matsa lamba da kuma low zafin jiki polymerized tetrafluoroethylene.

Wannan dauki haifar da samuwar sabuwar robobi. Daga baya aka kira Teflon. Ya na da kyau kwarai da zafi da sanyi juriya. Teflon coatings an samu nasarar yi amfani da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, sinadaran masana'antu, a yi na cookware tare da wadanda ba itace Properties. Ko a 70 ° ^C ptfe kayayyakin - 4 Ba rasa dũkiyõyinsu. Yana da wani na kwarai high sinadaran inertness na ptfe. Ya ba halaka su da lamba tare da m abubuwa - alkalis kuma acid. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga kayan aiki used a masana'antu tafiyar matakai domin samar da nitrate da kuma sulfate acid, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide. Fluorocarbon polymer iya ƙunsar ƙarin aka gyara - kwatanta, kamar gilashi, ko karafa, don haka abin da suka canji dũkiyõyinsu, kamar karin zafi juriya da kuma karko.

Dissociation na hydrogen fluoride

Tun da farko da muka ambata cewa form karfi covalent bond, a Bugu da kari, su da kansu suna iya yin shirki cikin aggregates, forming hydrogen shaidu a HF kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa hydrogen fluoride yana da wani low mataki na dissociation da talauci cleaved a ruwa-ruwa bayani a ions. Hydrofluoric acid ne weaker fiye da chloride ko Bromine. Wadannan halaye bayyana kasancewar ta dissociation resistant, acid Bugu da kari salts, alhãli kuwa ba chloride, kuma bã su da siffofin babu aidin. A dissociation m na wani ruwa-ruwa bayani na hydrogen fluoride ne 7x10 ^-4, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ta bayani ne babban adadin wadanda ba barranta kwayoyin da kuma lura low ion abun ciki na hydrogen da sunadarin flourine.

Ta yaya hatsari ftorgidrid

Ya kamata a lura da cewa mai guba ne duka gaseous da ruwa hydrogen fluoride. Code abu - 0342. Hydrofluoric acid yana ma narcotic Properties. A da tasiri a kan jikin mutum, za mu mayar da hankali daga baya. A classifier wannan abu, kazalika da anhydrous ftorgidrid, shi ne a karo na biyu aji na hatsari. Wannan shi ne saboda, a sama da dukan, da ikon mahadi daga sunadarin flourine sauƙi ƙone. A musamman, wannan dukiya ne musamman suna bayyana a fili kamar hydrogen fluoride, wanda shi ne musamman high Pozharovzryvoopasnost.

Me ƙayyade da matakin na hydrogen fluoride a cikin iska

A cikin masana'antu da samar da HF, samu daga fluorspar da sulfuric acid, suna yiwu asarar gaseous samfurin, wanda ma'aurata a cikin yanayi. Ka tuna cewa hydrogen fluoride (Hazard aji na wanda - na biyu) - wani abu sosai guba da kuma bukatar m aunawa ta maida hankali. A cikin masana'antu watsi ƙunshi manyan yawa daga cutarwa da kuma yiwuwar m sunadarai, musamman nitrogen da oxides na sulfur, sulphides da nauyi karafa da gaseous hydrogen halides. Daga cikin su babban rabo a cikin hydrogen fluoride, wanda MPC a cikin iska ne 0,005 MG / m ³ cikin sharuddan sunadarin flourine a kowace rana. Domin factory shafukan, inda Rotary kiln, da iyakar halatta taro (MPC) ya zama 0, 1 MG / m ^3.

Gas analyzers na hydrogen fluoride

Don gano abin cutarwa gas da yawa saki a cikin yanayi, akwai na musamman ma'auni kida. Domin ganewa na HF tururi amfani photocolorimetric gas analyzers, wanda ake amfani da filament fitilu kuma LEDs kamar yadda semiconductor haske kafofin kuma photodiodes da phototransistors bauta a matsayin photodetectors. Tabbatar da dalilin da hydrogen fluoride aka gudanar a yanayi iska da kuma wani infrared gas analyzers. Su ne quite m. HF kwayoyin sha dogon-kalaman radiation a cikin kewayon 1-15 microns. A kayan amfani domin sanin mai guba sharar gida a cikin iska da kuma a cikin aiki yanki na masana'antu Enterprises, tsayayyen da hawa da sauka HF maida hankali a cikin kewayon halatta norms, kuma a cikin 'yan matsanancin, (mutum ya bala'i, take hakki na fasaha sake zagayowar saboda lalacewar samar da wutar lantarki da sauransu. D.). Wadannan ayyuka aiki thermoconductometric hydrogen fluoride gas analyzers. Rawa. suka bambance watsi dangane HF thermal watsin dangane da abun da ke ciki na gaseous cakuda.

Ftorgidrida cutarwa sakamako a kan jikin mutum

Kamar yadda anhydrous hydrogen fluoride ko hydrofluoric acid, wanda bayani da ita a ruwa, ya kasance a cikin na biyu aji na Hazard. Musamman, wadannan mahadi da mummunan tasiri a kan m tsarin: zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, excretory, na numfashi, da kuma fata da kuma mucous membranes. A shigar azzakari cikin farji daga abubuwa ta hanyar fata ke kada a gane shi da kuma asymptomatic. A mamaki na yawan guba iya bayyana kanta a kan gaba rana, kuma suna kamu ambaliyar ruwa, wato ulcerated fata, wa ido mucosal surface rabo kafa keloids. Huhu kyallen takarda an hallaka saboda necrotic rauni na Alveoli. A fluoride ions makale a cikin extracellular ruwa, sa'an nan shiga cikin sel kuma an ɗaure alli da magnesium barbashi shiga abun da ke ciki na jijiya nama, da jini, da kuma na koda tubules - nephron Tsarin. Saboda haka musamman dacewa ne m iko da abun ciki na gaseous hydrogen fluoride da hydrofluoric acid tururi a cikin yanayi.