Homologs - da ikonsa, da karshe hanya bambanta rarrabuwar

A farkon rabin na XIX karni da Jamusawa masana kimiyya E.Gekkelem da kuma F. Müller tsanani mahaifa da kuma kamanta ilimin Halittar Jiki nazarin da aka za'ayi, abu don halittar biogenetic doka, da kuma ci gaban ra'ayi game da kiyasi, homologies, rudiments da atavism. Wannan labarin da aka kishin nazarin irin wannan rukuni na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta dauke da homologues jikinsu. An yadu rarraba a shuka da dabbobi duniya abubuwa wanda jiki sassa da na kowa asalin da na kowa shirin tsarin, ko zahiri iya bambanta ƙwarai. Abin da ya haddasa su bayyanar?

Sanadin

Evolutionary matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin alƙarya abubuwa masu rai da kuma su ne tushen microevolution. Ana zargin sabon iri yiwu saboda da jari a cikin kwayoyin dukan manyan bambance-bambance, shafi biyu sifa da aiki. A tsari take kaiwa zuwa wani, sãɓã wa jũnamai na morphological da sifofin bayyana kamar jiki ta mayar da martani ga canza muhalli dalilai, kira bambanta rarrabuwar. Homologues - wani bangare ne na jiki a cikin mutane da suka yi, an hõre zabin yanayi, da kuma kafa a sakamakon karbuwa da yanayi. Sun yi karatu a daki-daki, a kan hanya na ilmin dabbobi. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

Features na tsarin vertebrate dabbobi

A forelimbs na dabbobi masu shayarwa kunshi cikin wannan ƙashi: da humerus, ulna, radial, carpal, metacarpal da phalanges. Amma wani iri-iri na muhalli da yanayi a kan evolyuchii hõre kwafi a matsayin wani nau'i na kwarangwal forelimb da kuma a kan ta aiki. Isar da shi a kwatanta bayyanar, da siffar da kuma girma na sassa na jiki, misali, a raƙumin dawa, biri ko wani mole. Wannan bambanta rarrabuwar shi ne tushen bayyanar jikinsu kamar homologues. Wannan ya tabbatar da kamanta ilimin Halittar Jiki nazarin ba kawai daga cikin daban-daban kungiyoyin na dabbobi, amma kuma a cikin duniya na shuke-shuke. Bari mu bincika su a cikin gaba sakin layi.

Gyara na vegetative gabobin

A lokacin yanayin halitta na juya na Flora na duniya ba ne kawai don saya sabon fasali, amma kuma gyara sassa na jiki. A o, a sabon abu da ake kira canji na vegetative sassa, da kuma Ana daukarsa a matsayin na'urar wanda ya taso a cikin shakka daga phylogeny. Watch ta iya zama da wakilan Ma'aikatar flowering shuke-shuke. Suna da wannan take kaiwa zuwa fitowan da irin Tsarin kamar yadda homologs. Wannan yana bayyana a cikin nau'i na Na'urar halayen ga muhalli dalilai. An sani cewa tushen tsarin dukkan iri shuke-shuke ci gaba daga amfrayo Tushen a kan wani aure da shirin, kuma ya aikata aikin janar ga kowane irin ayyuka: kam a cikin ƙasa, goyon baya, tsotsa da kuma dauke da na ruwa da kuma ma'adinai mafita. Duk da haka, da waje bayyanar da tushen iya bambanta ƙwarai, idan suka fara yin takamaiman ayyuka. Alal misali, homologue ne stilted tushen pandanus, tsiro a wurare masu zafi swamps.

Ba su bari ƙananan ɓangare na kara zuwa nutsad da kansu a cikin ruwa, hana shi daga Rotting. Orchids m tushen homologue karkashin kasa da gabobin - suna da hannu a cikin hakar ƙarin kundin na iska domin numfashi shuke-shuke. Ku bauta wa a matsayin tafki tara sitaci da kuma sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, tushen gwoza da kuma karas, Urushalima artichoke da dahlia korneklubni. Dukkan wadannan gyare-gyare - homologues. Wannan ilmin halitta ta bayar da hujjar da gaskiya, domin su yi daidai da juna da kuma tare da general manufa na cikin karkashin kasa tsarin da jiki - tushen.

Homology a cikin jikin mutum

Wakilai daga cikin aji na vertabrate, wanda ya hada da Homo sapiens, suna da guda shirin tsarin da locomotor tsarin, musamman, da axial part - kashin baya.

Amma mutum yana da musamman fito a matsayin wani karbuwa ga tafiya a mike, misali, a cikin nau'i na kashin baya yayi kama da Latin harafi S. Haka kuma, a cikin kwarangwal na babba reshe, kunsha na wannan kashi, kamar yadda a cikin dabbobi, da phalanx na thumb aka adawa da wasu hudu yatsunsu cewa Yana da sakamakon da ikon yin aiki yadda ake gudanar. Homologues suna duk wadannan misalai sun taso a kan aiwatar da anthropogenesis.