Hasumiyar hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin. Bayani na hasumiya na Moscow Kremlin

Babban isumiya mafi girma na Moscow Kremlin shi ne tsakiyar tsakiyar yankin arewa maso yammacin bangon da ke fuskantar da Alexander Garden. An kira shi Troitskaya, shi ne na biyu da na biyu mafi mahimmanci. Hasumiya ta kambi ne tare da tauraron ruby, da sau ɗaya akan shi, da kuma Spassky veligus (sunan tsohuwar Rasha), wanda aka rataye shi.

Kremlin dutsen fari

Ko da babban Duke Dmitry Donskoy a 1366-1368 ya fara maye gurbin garu na katako na Kremlin. Matsalar da aka gina sababbin gine-ginen da hasumiyoyin da aka gina shi ne sau da yawa wani ƙirar dutse mai haske ko "dutse dutse", wanda ya kasance mai arziki a yankunan tsakiya na Rasha. Saboda haka ne ya zo da tarihin Moscow na zamanin dā - "dutse mai dutsen". Duk da haka, wannan kayan ginin ya kasance mai banƙyama, kuma matakan tsaro sun ɓace. An gudanar da aikin sake ginawa a kai a kai, wanda akwai shaidu da yawa a cikin annals. Don haka, a cikin 1462 mai sayar da sayar da kayayyaki na Moscow, Vasily Dmitrievich Ermolin, wanda a wannan lokacin ya lura da dukan aikin da ake yi a kan sikelin, ya yi gyare-gyare na musamman daga kogon Borovitsky zuwa Sviblova Strelnik. Don amsa wannan tambaya "wane ɗakin hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin shine mafi girma", kana buƙatar karin bayani game da komai, ciki har da sake gina garun da hasumiya, wanda, duk da gyare-gyaren manyan, ya ci gaba da "tudu". A saboda wannan dalili, Ivan III Babbar, ta hanya, ta kara yawan adadin mulkin Moscow a sau 6, a cikin kashi na uku na karni na 15 an ba da umarni, sakamakon haka ne Kremlin na Moscow, da ganuwar da hasumiyoyinsa sunyi maimaita tsari.

Sabuwar Kremlin na jan tubali

Don cimma burinta, babban Duke na Moscow ya kira daga mashawarcin gine-ginen Italiya, a karkashin jagorancin daga 1485 fara bincike akan fararen dutse mai launin dutse (wani sashi tsakanin shingi biyu) ganuwar da hasumiya. Domin shekaru goma, sabuwar, wannan lokacin daga tubalin konewa, an gina shi a kan shafin yanar gizon masu karewa. A yayin aiwatar da wannan gyare-gyare, an kara girman yankin Kremlin saboda haɗin shafin a arewa maso yammacin sansanin soja. Kuma a yanzu shi ne kadada 27.5 kuma ya ɗauki nau'i na triangle marasa daidaituwa. Wannan shine halin yanzu na sansanin soja. Ayyukan da Italiya suka jagoranci. Saboda haka, ba abin mamaki bane har ma da bangon ganuwar, da kayan ado, duk velozh (sunan tsohuwar Rasha), ciki har da hasumiya mafi girma na Moscow Kremlin, ya zama kama da ƙauyukan Italiyanci - Maƙala a cikin birnin Verona da Milan na Sforza Castle.

Towers na Moscow Fortress

A cikin duka, Moscow Kremlin na da dakuna 20. Ƙananan angular - Vodovzvodnaya, Beglemishevskaya da Angular Arsenal - hasumiya a cikin sashe suna zagaye, yayin da sauran, ciki har da babbar hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin, suna da murabba'i. Daga cikin jigon da aka yi, wanda ya fi dacewa a cikin wani salon, yana tsaye a kan Nikolskaya Tower, yana kallo da Red Square, wanda a cikin 1812 Faransa ya hura. A aikin gyaran aikin da OI Bove ya yi, an ba ta kallon Gothic da fentin farin. Dukkanansu suna cikin siffar kuma tsawo suna da bambanci da juna. Saboda haka, wannensu ne mafi girma da hasumiyar da Kremlin? Troitskaya. Mene ne kuma ina yake? Menene tarihinsa?

A gine-ginen Fryazhye

Aleviz Fryazin (Milanets), wanda ya zo Moscow a 1494, ya shiga cikin sake gina Kremlin. A cikin 1495 ya shiga aikin gina bango da hasumiya tare da Kogin Neglinnaya. Har ila yau an gina ɗakunan gini a karkashin jagorancinsa (1499-1508). A cikin 1508, ya gina dams a kan wannan kogin, wanda ke gudana a arewa maso yammacin katangar Kremlin. Na gode musu, matakin ruwa a cikin kogin ya tashi har ya cika gawar da aka gina tare da bangon da ke fuskantar Red Square. Ya daga 1508 zuwa 1516 ya rushe karkashin jagorancin Milanese. Kuma ya gina gine-gine mafi tsayi a arewacin Moscow Kremlin.

Ya kamata a lura cewa Fryazin ba sunan marubuta ba ne, yana da lakabi ne wanda aka ba dukkanin masana'antu na Yamma da suka zo daga Kudancin Turai. Ya faru ne daga kalma maras kyau "franc". Saboda wannan, akwai rikice-rikice. Aleviz Fryazin Tsohon, Aleviz Fryazin Milanese da Aloysio da Carrezano (ko Carcano) - shi ne mutumin da ya gina Triniti Hasumiyar, kuma Bon Fryazin ya gina hasumar ƙwallon ƙafa "Ivan Great". A lokaci guda, Ivan III ya kira Moscow wani karin Aleviz Fryazin, amma ya riga ya Venetian, ko New. Har ma suna da suna na kowa - 'yan gidan Fryazh. Bugu da ƙari, "Fryazin", ko "Friag" wanda aka kira ta Ivan III Great, Marco Ruffo da Pietro Antonio Solari, Mark da Peter Fryaziny, su ne.

Kurolin fortifications

Saboda haka, babbar tashar tsaro na Moscow Kremlin ya gina daga 1495 zuwa 1499 da Aleviz Fryazin Milan. Kuma da sosai farko USAID na Kremlin - Taynitskaya Tower (cibiyar a kudancin na Kremlin bango) - aka kaddamar Yuli 14, 1485. Bayan haka, an yi amfani da hasumiya a kusan kowace shekara. Sabuwar - Tsarin Tsar - an gina a 1680. Ganuwar Kremlin ya cancanci a ambaci sunayensu, ciki har da waɗanda suke tare da Kogin Neglinnaya. A tsakiyar wannan hawan ke nan babbar sansanin arewacin Moscow Kremlin ne. Gwargwadon tsawon ganuwar yana da mita 2235, tsayinsa ya bambanta daga mita 5 zuwa 19. A cikin ganuwar da kauri daga 3.5 zuwa 6.5 mita akwai sashi, da farko ta hanyar, amma sai a wasu yankunan da aka cike da tarkace.

Kasashen Wuta

Hasumiyoyin sun kasance a wani nesa daga juna, wanda za'a iya haye tare da hanya, an shimfiɗa shi a saman bango. Yawanta ya kai inda 2, kuma inda kuma 4 mita. A waje, ana hakora da hakora biyu, tsayinsa shine 2-2.5 m, da kuma kauri - 0.65-0.7 m Dukan adadin hakoran hakora, wanda ya kasance tare da kewaye, iri guda 1045 ne. An harbe masu baka a kan bango da bango na bangon daga gefen filin. Da farko, an rufe wannan shinge tare da rufin gado, wanda zai yiwu a boye a mummunar yanayi, kuma bango kanta an rufe shi daga aikin lalata da ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara. Wannan rufin ya ƙone a karni na XVIII, kuma ba a sake dawowa ba.

Tarihin Tarihi

Tun da mafi Hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin kira da Triniti, shi wajibi ne don gano dalilin da ya sa ta ba da wannan sunan, musamman tun da farko shi dignify da Epiphany, sa'an nan Rizpolozhensky daga baya Znamenskaia da Kuretnoy kuma yanzu suna ta lashe kawai a 1658 da umurnin Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Haɗi tare da abokiyar Troitsk dake kan iyakar Kremlin. Sunan sunayen da suka gabata sun hada da majami'u na Kremlin da gidan gidan sarauta na kusa.

Mafi asali

Highest Kremlin (photo a haɗe) hasumiya yana da wadannan sigogi: daga Alexander Aljanna, gina inda kafin akwai kogi Neglinnaya, tayi ta hawa dutsen a cikin bututu, da tsawo daga Veigy tare da star na 80 mita, ba tare da - 76,35, a ciki gefen - daidai da 69.3 da kuma 65.65 m Wannan hasumiya ce katin tafiya. Ƙofarsa tun daga lokacin da aka kafa harsashinsa zuwa ƙarshen karni na 17 an dauke shi na biyu mafi muhimmanci bayan Spassky.

Suna aiki don tafiya zuwa kotu na sarakuna, sarakuna da ubangiji. A 1516, ta Triniti Tower fadin Neglinnaya River ya gada cewa ƙare sallama strelnitsa ko Barbican, da ake kira a cikin wannan harka Kutafya hasumiya. Yi amfani da wannan ƙarfafawar ƙarfafawa a wuri na farko don ƙarin kariya ta ƙofar. Wannan ita ce tashar gada ta Kremlin kawai. Yin tafiya daga Trinity Bridge, bisa ga wasu sanannun tarihi na Moscow, an gina shi a kan shafin farko na dutse irin wannan babban birnin, wanda aka gina a cikin karni na XIV.

Na biyu mafi mahimmanci

Mene ne babbar hasumiya ta Moscow Kremlin kuma me ya sa ba babbar babbar cibiyar Spassky? A bayyane yake, a wasu wurare a tarihin Soviet an ba Triniti Gate ta hanyar cewa sun kasance ta hanyar su a ranar 12 ga Maris 1918, cewa Lenin ya isa Kremlin. Ta hanyar Trinity Gate Napoleon ya shigo a nan, ta wurin su shi ma ya gudu daga Kremlin. Dawowar nasara tare da nasara, sarakunan sun shiga ta Trinity Bridge, sannan suka kawo su zuwa Spassky Gate. Da farko, babbar hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin (hoto da aka haɗe) ya taka rawar gani a tarihin Moscow. Yana da mafi girma, amma ba babban abu ba, saboda ba ya zuwa Red Square.

Daidai da bambance-bambance

Tare da kammala aikin gina wannan hasumiya, an gama aiki a kan tsarin tsarin kare kariya daga dukkan sassan arewa maso yammacin bango - daga wannan gefen Kremlin ya zama bazawa. Hasumiyar babbar hasumiya ta kasance tare da haɗin gwiwar, ɗakin katako yana da hudu. Kamar yadda takardun daga 1585 sun shaida, akwai rufin da ke kan wannan hasumiya, wanda ya daidaita kama da Spassky. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa nau'i-nau'i guda biyu a dukansu biyu, kuma a kan Troitskaya dan kasar Rasha ya fi d ¯ a, wanda aka tara daga wasu sassan da aka gyara tare da kusoshi. Kuma lokacin da a shekarar 1685 an gina babban tudu da babban dutse, da fararen fata, da sauran kayan ado na dutse masu daraja, kamannin babbar cibiyar Spasskaya ta zama babbar. Har ma shekara guda daga bisani, an kwantar da sabon kullun (lokacin da aka kone su a cikin Moscow a 1812, ba a sake dawo da su ba).

Abubuwa na gine-gine na coci

Tambayar da wajan hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin ta fi girma, zaka iya amsawa: wanda aka daura da wani ma'auni tare da octagon wanda ke cikin gangami. Mene ne wannan yake nufi? Kalmar "octagon on quadrangle" wani nau'i ne na gine-ginen gini, mafi yawan gine-gine na coci. Ƙa'idojin octagonal ko octagonal na bene yana tsaye a kan wani ma'auni, mafi mahimmanci tushe. Irin wannan abun da aka kwatanta kamar yadda aka kai ga sama, wanda ya ba da ƙarfin hali ga gine-ginen, wanda hakan ya zama alama mai ban mamaki na Moscow baroque. A cikin majami'u na dukiya masu daraja a cikin octagon akwai kararrawa, hakika, ba a yi ta ba da haske ba. Troitskaya Tower, da babba tiers wanda aka gina a kan irin wannan duba da kyau sosai daga yanzu Alexander Aljanna. Wannan ya taimakawa ta hanyar cewa a cikin sasanninta da kuma kan strelnik an sanya nau'ikan turrets da pinacles. An cire wasu daga cikinsu tare da fadada ƙananan hanyoyi a cikin 1707 saboda mummunar barazana ga mamayewa ta Sweden. Sashe - a lokacin da aka kafa a ɗakin Taswirar Triniti na Ma'aikatar Kotu na Kasa. An sake gina shi don fadadawa.

Huge, na takwas labarin

Babban hasumiyar Kremlin dake Moscow yana da kasa da kasa da ƙasa guda biyu. Ƙananan ɗakin cellars da aka fara kasancewa masu tsaro ne da na soja. Sa'an nan kuma, a cikin karni na XVI, an juya waɗannan cellars a kurkuku. An gano zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi a 1851. A cikin wanzuwarsa, An yi amfani da Triniti Gida a hanyoyi da yawa. Akwai tarihin Kotun Koli, har zuwa 1895, kuma a yanzu yana gidaje da Orchestra na kasar.

Kremlin Stars

Bugu da ƙari, babbar hasumiya ta Kremlin a Moscow - daya daga cikin biyar da aka yi da taurari. Borovitskaya da Spasskaya, Nikolskaya da Vodovzvodnaya sun kasance shafuka huɗu masu yawa waɗanda aka maye gurbin hotuna na kasar Rasha. Bisa ga makamai, zaku iya tambayar wata tambaya mai dacewa a cikin tambayoyin: "Wanne daga cikin hasumiyoyin Moscow Kremlin shine mafi girma?" Amsar ita ce: wanda wanda ya fi tsofaffin (lokacin ginawa - 1830) har zuwa 1935 shi ne mikiya na biyu. "Ƙananan" (1912) ya kasance akan Spassky. An maye gurbin shi ta tauraron farko. Taurari na farko sun kasance masu tsauri da matukar nauyi - har zuwa nau'in nauyin nauyi. Saboda haka, an gina rufin Spasskaya, Troitskaya da Borovetska. Duk da haka, taurari masu tsaka-tsakin sun ɓace sosai, kuma a 1937 sun yanke shawarar maye gurbin su tare da taurari masu haske wanda aka yi da gilashin ruby.

Kasance-bambancen da kewayen Kremlin

Yaya za ku iya amsa tambayar game da wane ne babbar hasumiyar Moscow Kremlin? Idan ka dubi layout, ya bayyana a fili cewa ita ce tashar 15 daga Spasskaya Vezhi (lambar wucewa a lokaci ɗaya) kuma akwai mafi girma - Troitskaya, daga abin da gada ya tashi. Kowace Kremlin mai shekaru 20 na musamman ne, yana da tarihin, kuma ya bayyana su a kalla akalla, labarin daya bai isa ba.