Harkokin 'yanci na Soviet ne na Budapest

A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 1944, sojojin dakarun Ukrainian na biyu sun isa iyakar Amurka da Romania. Kusan kusan shekaru uku mutanen Soviet sun jagoranci yakin basasa tare da 'yan fastocin Jamus masu fashewa a yankin. Yanzu duk yankunan Turai waɗanda Hitler suka kama da su ya kamata a bar su daga kwakwalwar launin ruwan kasa. Amma har yanzu akwai fiye da shekara ɗaya kafin nasarar karshe.

Sai kawai a watan Satumban shekarar 1944 sojojin Soviet suka kama Bulgaria da Romania kuma suka tafi kan iyakoki tare da Hungary da Czechoslovakia. Yaƙin da ke yankin Hungary ya kasance yana da haɗari da hasara mai yawa. Gaba ɗaya, aikin da za a iya yantar da ƙasar ya ɗauki fiye da watanni shida. Don fahimtar dalilin da wadannan abubuwan suka faru, ya kamata a yi la'akari da tarihin shiga cikin yakin Hungary. Za mu kuma magana game da yadda sojojin Soviet suka yantar da Budapest (a taƙaice karanta shi a cikin labarin).

Samun shiga Hungary cikin yaki da Soviet Union

Sakamakon yakin duniya na farko ya damu da mutanen Hungary. Dangane da yawancin yankuna, kasar ta so ta dawo da su. Wannan shi ne abin da shi ne babban dalilin da ya jagoranci gwamnatin na Miklos Horthy shiga hannun Jamus. Da yake kokarin neman goyon bayan Hitler a cikin da'awarsa ga yankunan Yugoslavia da Czech, Hungary ya sanar da janye shi daga Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya da kuma shiga yarjejeniyar Tripartite.

A gaskiya, kasar ta shiga cikin yakin duniya na biyu a watan Afrilu 1941, ta zama mai shiga cikin harin Nazi a Yugoslavia. Yakin da Soviet Union ya fara wa Hungary a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1941. A cikin duka, sun tura sojoji dubu dari zuwa gabashin gabas, mafi yawan wadanda aka kashe ko kuma aka kama su a Stalingrad. Ya kamata a lura da cewa sassan na 2 na sojojin Hungary a ƙasar SSS sun bambanta ta hanyar mummunan mummunan rauni, lalata ba kawai sojoji ba, har ma da fararen hula.

A shekara ta 1944 ya zama bayyananne cewa shan kashi na Jamus - kawai batun lokaci. A irin wannan yanayi, gwamnati na Horthy ta fara neman hanyoyin da ba a yakin ba. Tattaunawa da Birtaniya da Amurka sun fara, wanda ba a taɓa kulawa da Hitler ba. Führer, mai tsoron cin amana, ya sami nasarar shigar da sojojin Jamus zuwa Hungary da kuma kafa gwamnatin Jamusanci a kasar. An kama mutane da yawa, wadanda suka yi kira ga mutuwar dangantakar abokantaka tare da Jamus, ya fara.

Amma duk waɗannan ayyukan ba su da matukar taimako. An cigaba da halin da ake ciki a watan Agustan 1944, lokacin da Romania ta dakatar da goyon bayan Jamus kuma ta amince da yanayin Soviet Union, tana aiki a kan kungiyar hadin gwiwar Hitler. Horthy ya yi ƙoƙari na wucin gadi don yarda da gwamnatin Soviet a kan dakatar da ayyukan soja. Amma shirin bai kasance gaskiya ba.

Hitler da gwamnatinsa da Salashi ke jagorantar sun nuna mummunan ta'addanci a Hungary. A kasar, duk makarantun ilimi sun dakatar da ayyukansu kuma an gabatar da kudaden shiga. An yankewa Hungarians matsayin mafi girma a kan dukan ƙasar Danube. An sake fitar da Yahudawa zuwa sansanin mutuwar Nazi.

Harshen aikin soja na Red Army a Hungary

An gabatar da wasu sassa na Red Army a ko'ina cikin Hungary saboda tsananin tsayayyar da Hungary da ƙungiyoyin Jamus suka yi. Bugu da} ari, farfagandar dogon lokaci da tsoma bakin Soviet ya yi aiki. Masu Hungary da yawa sun kasance suna shirye su goyi bayan salashi, amma ba za su shiga wata dangantaka da Rasha ba.

Gaskiya ne, ko da daga cikin manyan rundunonin sojoji na Hungary su ne waɗanda suka fi so su bar kayan makamai da dakatar da jinin jini. Don haka, a watan Oktoba, kwamandan sojojin Army na Hungary B. Miklosh ya mika wuya kuma ya kira sojoji su bi misalinsa. Fiye da mutane dubu 10 daga cikin wadanda suke karkashin jagorancinsa sun sanya makamai. An rubuta irin wadannan ayyuka a wasu sassa na rundunar soja na 2 da 3 na Hungary. Amma akwai digo a cikin teku.

An sanya babbar manufa ga shan kashi na ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Carpathian-Transylvania zuwa sojojin dakarun Ukrainian na biyu a karkashin umurnin Marshal Malinovsky da kuma 4th Ukrainian Front karkashin umurnin Janar Petrov. Bisa ga shirin Babban Jami'in Harkokin Gida, dole ne su kama su ta hanyar Gabas ta Carpathians, su rinjaye su kuma su ci gaba da yin mummunan aiki kusa da Kogin Tisza.

Dole ne a yi gyare-gyare na manyan hare-haren sau da dama. Duk saboda sojojin sojojin 2 na Ukrainian Front ba su kula da cika umurnin da Babban Sakataren Majalisar yake ba. Maƙaryata na abokan gaba sun hana wannan. Amma, duk da halin da ake ciki na soja, sojojin Malinovsky duk sunyi nasara a kan tsaunuka na Transylvania kuma suna zuwa Debrecen. Wannan aikin zai iya cimma burin sojojin Jamus a cikin Carpathians.

An shirya sabon shirin a ranar 6 ga Oktoba. Bugu da ƙari, sojojin Soviet, ƙungiyoyi 22 na Romawa sun shiga cikin wannan. Rundunar na 2nd CC ta wuce babbar rundunonin abokan gaba. Matsalar ta kasance kawai a cikin tsawon layi na gaba (800 km) da kuma kayan aikin da basu dace ba. Kuma irin laifin da kuma hanyar motocin da 'yan gudun hijirar Jamus suka dauka ta hanyar Romania sun lalace.

Harkokin nasara a cikin wannan mummunan aiki ya kasance tare da sojojin Soviet. Kusan mutanen Jamus basu fahimci muhimmancin jagorancin Debrecen ba, suna maida hankalin manyan sojojin dake kusa da Budapest. Dawowarwa, sun fara saurin canjawa zuwa Debrecen biyar. Amma ya yi latti.

Ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, dakarun Soviet da dama suka fara. Duk kokarin da Nasis yayi don dakatar da ci gaba ba su da nasara. Babu yin amfani da hanyoyi ko hanyoyi na iska. Kwana daya kawai, Rundunar Red Army ta ci gaba da kilomita 50, ta haifar da mummunan lalacewa ga magungunan abokan gaba da fasaha.

Ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, ƙungiyar Soviet ta kafa gindin kilomita 100 a cikin makamin abokan gaba. Kuma a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, an kama Debrecen. Wannan wani muhimmin nasara ne a cikin wannan aiki mai tsanani, la'akari da cewa Debrecen ita ce mafi girma karfi daga Hitler da kuma birni mafi girma a Hungary.

Mataki na biyu na aikin Debrecen

Alal misali, kama Debrecen ya janye daga wasan da sojojin Hungary suka kasa. Babban gari mafi muhimmanci shine birnin Nyiregyhaza. Birnin ya ci gaba da tafiye-tafiye a kan iyakar kogi a kan kogin Tisza. Umurnin rundunar sojin "ta Kudu" da ke kula da wannan bangare na gaba, tare da dukan ƙarfinsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci gaba da yin sulhu, yayin da yake kokarin sake dawowa da Debrecen. Daga Oktoba 22 zuwa 27, an yi yakin basasa a gundumar Nyiregyhaza. A sakamakon haka, an ci birnin. Amma a wace kudin!

Babban mai shiga tsakani a cikin fadace-fadace - dakarun janar General-Pilev - sun rasa kusan jami'an tsaro 10,000, da misalai 17,000, daruruwan makamai, da tankuna 250, da dai sauransu. Amma mafi mahimmanci - tun daga ranar 28 ga Oktoba, aikin Debrecen ya wuce, kuma kashi na uku na ƙasar Hungary yana hannun sojojin Soviet. Wannan mummunar ya dauki kwanaki 23 kuma ya yarda ya ci gaba da zurfi zuwa kasar zuwa 275 km. Duk da haka, ba zai yiwu a kewaye da raƙuman Jamus da Hungary ba. Sai suka janye, sun dauki sabon bangarori na tsaron gida, kowannensu, dole ne a ba su hakkin su, an yi shi da tsananin haɗari da dukan ka'idoji na fasaha na soja.

Mataki na farko na aikin Budapest

Halin da sojojin Soviet suka yi a Budapest da kuma kama birnin nan gaba daya ne daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi girma da kuma rikici. A kan gaba mai tsawo (kilomita 420) umurnin ya mayar da hankalin manyan runduna: Tsohon Ukrainian Front, 3rd Ukrainian Front (kwamandan - Marshal Tolbukhin), dakarun farko da 4 na Romaniya da Danube Flotilla. длилось более трех месяцев. Da kwato Budapest daga Nazis dade fiye da watanni uku.

Ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, matsayi na Soviet a yawan sojoji da makamai ya bayyana. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a GHQ an sa hankalin bakan gizo na kai hare hare a kan Budapest. Malinovsky ba a ba shi ko da kwanaki biyar ba don shirya motar soja.

началось 29 октября силами частей 46-й армии (2-й УФ). Da kwato Budapest ta Soviet sojojin fara Oktoba 29 dakarun sassa na 46th Army (2nd UV). A farkon kwanaki yana da matukar nasara. Yankunan ɓangaren na sojojin Hungary sun koma cikin rashin lafiya zuwa Budapest. Ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, ba ta wuce kilomita 15 ba, har zuwa gado na Budapest na waje. замедлилось. Kuma a sa'an nan da kwato Budapest daga Nazis ragae. Yanayin yanayi mara kyau da mahimmancin wadata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. Bugu da ƙari, a GHQ an yanke shawarar tattara rukunin sojoji, don kada su yi haɗari da mayaƙan dakarun na 2 da 4, wadanda suka fara zuwa babban birnin kasar Hungary.

An ba da gawawwaki biyu ga rundunar soja 7, wadda ke yaki a yammacin bakin kogi. Tisza, yada fadar gadar. Ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, sun gudanar da tafiyar da ƙauyuka uku a lokaci guda: Szolnok, Abon da Cegled. Halin da ya fi wuya a cikin aiki mai tsanani shine ƙetare Tisa. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ƙaru sosai a cikin kogi. Harshen maɓallin wuta ya hallaka ta wuta. Idan ɗayan kungiyoyi sun iya ƙetare, to, mutanen Jamus sun yi musu jayayya da sauri, suna ƙoƙari su yanke daga gicciye da kuma fashe.

Harin na biyu a kan Budapest

Taron na biyu a birnin ya fara ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. A wannan lokacin, ƙungiyoyin Jamus da Hungary a wannan bangare suna da karfi, kuma CC na biyu sun shawo kan asarar hasara. Amma ko da a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki, yawancin lamarin ya kasance a gefen ƙungiyar Soviet.

Bayan wani shiri na karamin karamin, manyan sojoji na 7th Guards Corps suka kaddamar da mummunar mummunar rauni a cikin Jasbereni da Hatvan. Gabas ta zo ne dakarun janar General Pilev da Dakarun Kundin Tanki na 23 kuma sun hada da 4th da 6th Guards Cavalry Corps. Sun kama garin Düdyesh.

An yi mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunan rauni. Yankunan Jamusanci-Hungary sun fi muni. Sun rasa raunin ƙasa. Amma ayyukan aikin jirgin saman Jamus ya karu. Amma har ma a sama don godiya ga rundunar Air Air 5th, hakan ya kasance na 2 UV.

Ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, rahotannin Soviet sun kama birnin Hatvan - wannan shine nasarar karshe na biyu a Budapest. Babban birnin kasar Hungary ya kasance a cikin wani sashi. Amma ga karshe jefa, sojojin Soviet sun bukaci lokaci don shirya.

Shan Budapest

Sabuwar al'amarin ya fara da safe ranar 20 ga Disambar 20 tare da sojojin da ke cikin 3 na Ukrainian Front. Suna buƙatar yin hanyarsu zuwa Danube River a yammacin Esztergom. Irin wannan jifa zai ba da damar sojojin abokan gaba su kewaye da yankin Budapest.

Hanyar ci gaba ta ci gaba da raguwa ta hanyar ƙasa mai wuya: ƙananan tuddai da ƙauyuka ba su ƙyale yin gyare-gyare da kyau ga raƙuman injiniya ba. Bugu da ƙari, kowane highland da Nazis amfani da karfi.

Ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, 6th Panzer Army (2nd UV) da kuma raka'a na 3 na Ukrainian Front suka yi nasarar shiga a bakin kogin Gron. A ƙarshen Disamba 27, sun gudanar da su kewaye da dukan yankunan Hungary-Jamus a arewa maso yammacin Budapest. Ƙidarsu duka ta kasance 188,000 (kashi 10 da kuma ragowar raka'a).

Yanzu ya kasance don saki Budapest. Amma ya juya ya zama da wuya. Ƙungiyar yammacin birnin ta zama wani birni mai ƙarfi. Bugu da kari, a kan umarnin Hitler, wasu sojojin sun janye daga Budapest zuwa Jamus. Kuma ya maye gurbin kwamandan sojojin "Kudu", inda ya zabi O. Weller a maimakon ni. Friesner na wannan post.

Ranar 29 ga watan Disamban shekarar 29, Soviet ta yanke shawarar aikawa majalisar dokokin kasar da takardar neman mika wuya: kungiyar ta Ostapenka a Buda, ƙungiyar kyaftin din Steinmetz a Pest. Ba a yarda da wannan shawara ba, amma an kashe 'yan majalisa. Rundunar sojojin abokan gaba ta fara.

Daga 2 zuwa 26 ga watan Janairu, umurnin Jamus ya yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da sojojin Soviet da kuma shiga cikin rikici. A wannan lokacin, yawancin ƙungiyar Jamus da kuma motsa jiki sun kasance suna kusa da Budapest. Amma rassa na Malinovsky da Tolbukhin sun gudanar da yunkurin kashe duk abokan gaba.

Yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin birni

Don gudanar da aiki a Budapest, Budapest ƙungiyar sojoji karkashin umurnin IM Afonin (kuma daga Janairu 22, IM Managarov) an shirya. Ya kunshi rukunin bindigogi hudu, 83 na Brigade na Birigade, wani ɓangare na 5th Air Army, 'yan bindigogi da kuma na 7th Romanian Corps, 183 tanƙun bindigogi.

Harkokin 'yanci na Budapest yana gabatowa ne, amma an zubar da jini mai yawa don wannan taron. Ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, raka'a na Soviet tare da goyon bayan 'yan Romawa suka shiga yankunan gabashin Pest kuma sun kama yankin bankin hagu na birnin, kodayake Jamus sun yi nasara sosai don kusan kowane gini. An yi yakin basasa da kuma karkashin kasa - a cikin sadarwa. A cikin Pest, an kewaye da dakarun Jamus dubu ɗari. Amma wasu abokan adawar sun tsere daga zobe. Bayan sun bugu da dama gadoji a fadin Danube, sai suka gudu zuwa Buda.

An kama wani sashin banki na dama a wata makonni hudu. Ko da yake Marshal Tolbukhin farko ya dauki wannan aiki har tsawon yini daya. Dole ne 'yan bindigar' yan bindigar suka yi hakan. An yanke shawarar kada a yi amfani da jirgin sama, don kada ya hallaka tarihin birnin. Don wannan dalili, yin amfani da bindigogi yana da iyakancewa.

A cikin fadace-fadacen da Buda ya yi, dubban sojojin Hungary sun mika wuya kuma sun so suyi aiki tare da Rundunar Red Army. Ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun, bayan da aka yi ƙoƙarin yin nasara, sai aka kori sauran garken Jamus, wanda Pfeffer-Wildenbruch ya umarta, an fitar da shi a wani farar fata kuma aka sallama. Ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1945, Budapest ta zama 'yanci.

Yayinda Moscow, a kan umarnin Babban Kwamandan Kwamandan, ya yi sallah ga mayakan nasara, bangarori biyu na gaba sun yi kokarin kashe ƙungiyoyi 500-600 na Jamus da Hungarians sun tsere daga Budapest. Babban aikin da aka yi don hallaka su an sanya su ne ga rundunar sojin ta 46th na 3rd UV.

A cikin duka, yayin aikin 'yanci na Budapest (ƙarshen ranar 13.02.1945), an kashe kimanin mutane 50,000 da aka kashe kuma dubu 138 aka kama su.

Medal "Don kama Budapest"

A cikin watan Afrilu 1945 (shekara ta 'yantar da Budapest ta sojojin Soviet), lokacin da ya bayyana ga kowa da kowa cewa shan kashi na ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Jamus ya kasance wani al'amari na gajeren lokaci, kwamandan baya, Janar Khrulev, ya umurci wani rukuni na fasaha don samar da lambobin yabo don samun ceto da kuma karɓar manyan garuruwan Turai. Bayan nazarin cikakken zane-zane game da zane-zane na majalisa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na USSR a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1945, an sanya doka ta kafa lambar yabo "Domin kama Budapest". Dukkan masu halartar taron da ke cikin babban birnin kasar Hungary wadanda suka halarci yakin basasa daga ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1944 zuwa 15 ga Fabrairun 1945, an ba su kyauta. A cikin duka, jerin wadanda aka bai wa lambar yabo don samun 'yancin Budapest sun ƙunshi fiye da mutane 360,000. Idan an ba da soja a matsayin dan jarida, to, dole ne a ba da lambar yabo tare da lambar yabo ta kyauta don rufe dangi don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Adadin lambar yabo na Budapest (hoton da kake da ita a cikin labarin) ya kasance a hagu a gefen hagu. Ta fara ne a jerin, kuma a gaban lambar yabo "Domin nasara kan Japan" - na biyu.

An ba da kyauta ga bikin cika shekaru 50 na nasara a War Warrior

Fabrairu 14, 1995 for 50th tunawa da nasarar tsabar 3 rubles aka saki a cikin Great Patriotic War.

• Avers: a saman tare da baki da aka rubuta da matsayin da kuma shekara ta saki, a kasa - BANK OF Rasha. A tsakiyar (a cike da gidajen gona baki) - image na Spasskaya Tower na Moscow Kremlin, ciki daga cikin baki - Monogram Mint MMD.

• baya: Yana siffanta hudu Soviet sojoji (yaƙi da baya daga cikin gine-gine da Monuments na Budapest). Kwalayen tare da baki: "The kwata 'yanci na Turai daga farkisanci," "Budapest 13.02.1945, da" (Saman da kasa, bi da bi).

Red Army ta taimako a tanadi Hungarian jihar

A kan dawo da Hungarian jihar kayan, da Soviet jagorancin fara tunani sosai kafin karshen Budapest aiki. Babban aiki domin shi ya zane na pro-Soviet jam'iyyun. Dalili na su ya zama a gida anti-farkisanci kungiyar, kuma komo daga zaman talala mambobi ne na Hungarian jam'iyyar kwaminis.

A Disamba 2, kasar da aka halitta da Hungarian National Front Independence. Its kasa kwamitocin baya bayar da muhimmanci ga goyon bayan da jimlar kawar da farkisanci sojojin a cikin ƙasa na Hungary. Sai waɗanda suka za'ayi da sabuntawa na halaka management na Hungarian tattalin arzikin. A cikin rabi na biyu na Disamba ta fara aiki da wucin majalisar dokokin da ta wucin National gwamnatin.

Don wadannan hukumomin gwamnati zai iya amince aiki, da Soja majalisar da 2nd UV aka umurce ka samar musu da abinci, da man fetur, kare gabatarwa.

Disamba 28, 1944 da GNP ta yanke shawarar janye daga farkisanci kawance da kuma furta yaki a Jamus. Hungary rattaba hannu kan wata tsaida wutar yaƙi, ba kawai tare da Tarayyar Soviet, amma kuma tare da Great Britain da kuma Amurka. A lokacin da tsagaita wuta a kasar gudana Allied Control Hukumar, wanda aka kallafa wa kai da Voroshilov.

Bayan kama Budapest siffofi da abinci da mazauna yankunan da aka sanya wa Soviet umurninSa. Mazauna aka canjawa wuri fiye da 5 ton na hatsi da 100 ton na hatsi. A matasa Hungarian Soviet sojojin kawai ciyar daga filin kitchens.

Results kwata 'yanci na Budapest

A lokacin aiki, wani ɓangare na Budapest Army Group "ta Kudu" m irreparable lalacewar da aka yi. Ta rasa 56 rarrabu kuma brigades. Jamus rasa karshe Majibinci, kuma Hungarian man fetur. Canja wuri na 37 Wehrmacht rarrabuwa daga gabashin gaban a Hungary da m halaka kafa mataki ga mafi m gaba na Soviet sojojin zuwa yamma. Budapest Kama yarda da Red Army ma kusa isa kudancin reshe na abokin sojojin, kuma Ka sauƙaƙe a kara kai hari a kan Vienna da Prague.

Its ci gaban da aka dabarun da dabara na fada Soviet sojojin. Budapest aiki umurnin saukar kurakurai a cikin hali na irin wannan tashin.

Babban korau shi ne irreplaceable asarar rai. Aikin da kwato Budapest daga Nazis (da wa'adin - Fabrairu 13, 1945) da aka gane a matsayin mafi jini dukkan Turai ayyukan soji. A nasara tafi da kudin fiye da 80 dubu rayuwar sojoji. Da suka ji rauni fiye da 240 da dubu.