Han Ahmat, Mai girma taro. Tarihi na Asiya ta tsakiya

Han Ahmat ne dauke da karshe mai mulki, wanda aka tushen Rasha sarakuna. Da manufofin da aka nufin ha Tatar jihohi. A ta nema ya dauko mulkin a cikin ƙasa, wanda a baya aka gudanar da Great taro, sai ya samu babba nasara. A muhimmiyar rawa a gwamnati na gwamnan mallakar beklerbeku Timur (jikan Edigei).

Eastern siyasa

Ƙasa, wanda da zarar mallakar da Big taro, sami 'yancin kanta. Da alama, babban burin da Gabashi da manufofin na karshe mai mulki ya dawo da ikonta kan Khorezm. Han Ahmat da'awar ƙasar domin akalla biyu dalilai. Da farko, ya nemi gama da yankin karkashin mulkin. Bugu da kari, bisa ga tsoho asusun, a gabacin ƙasa sun sadakin 'yar'uwar Husayna Baykary (a zuriyar Timur) - matarsa Badi-al-Jamal. A wannan halin da ake ciki, cikin bukatun da Akhmat ta sabawa manufofin da Abu al-Khair. A karshen kasance a lokacin da wani iko Uzbek mulkin HALITTAR shaybanids. Han Ahmat bai yi kuskure ya tsoma baki tare da shi. Saboda haka ya jira kawai har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1468 Abul Khair sãɓã wa jũna mugunta da kuma imperiousness. Wannan ya sa wani mummunan hali zuwa gare shi, shi da zuriyarsa daga duka makwabta da Uzbek Elite. na karshe wakilan hukumomin kai ga Yadgar-Khan, da wanda Ahmad sanya wani ƙawance. A 1469, wani sabon Uzbek m mutu, kuma ikon da ke cikin hannun dan Abu al-Khair - Shaykh Haidar. Da shi, duk da haka, ta samar da wani iko da 'yan adawa. A sakamakon haka, a 1470-1471 gg. Shaykh Haidar rasa mafi dũkiyõyinsu. Bayan wani lokaci, da Siberian gwamnan Ibague kama shi kashe tsare da kuma kashe shi. Khan Ahmad ya kammala yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da makiyan Shaykh Haydar, aure da 'yar'uwa Nogai shugabanni Yamgurchi da Mũsã. Bugu da kari, shi ne wata ila cewa ya kuma sanya su yin wani wa'adi, ba su tsoma baki a cikin aiki don kama da Khorezm. Amma da tsare-tsaren da aka hana ta ɗan'uwansa, ta mutuwa a cikin Volga yankin.

'yancin kai daga Crimea

Matacce wa Akhmat bar da matsaloli da yawa. Daya daga wadannan shine 'yancin kai na Crimea. Larabawa a lokacin da aka manufar da Great taro. A 1476 Gwamnan yanke shawarar da ya shiga tsakani a cikin halin da ake ciki a Crimea. A 1475, Haidar kuma Nur Devlet hambarar da ɗan'uwansa Mengli Giray. Last nemi mafaka a cikin Cafe (Feodosia), ya riga an kama da Turks. A 1467 wani zamani na Akhmad Khan - Khadjiko bai samu tare da ɗan'uwansa, kuma ya kira Tartar m. Daya amfani da halin da ake ciki, a zaune a kan kursiyin sarauta da a cikin Crimea, dan dan'uwansa Djanibek. Ƙarfafa matsayinsu, Han Ahmat fara yi imani da cewa tsohon ƙarfin da Mongol jihar mayar.

Hulda da Rasha

A farko yaƙi Akhmad Khan, bisa ga tsoho tarihin, aka gudanar da baya a 1460 Gwamnan ya aiko da sojojinsa a cikin Pereslavl Ryazan. Sarauta a maido da hakikanin dogaro da Rasha. Duk da haka, ya ba da ƙarfi ga. A 1468 da Tatars kai samame yankin Besputa River (dama banki na Oka River) da kuma Ryazan sarauta. A 1471 Akhmat yarda da tayin daga Casimir IV (Polish-Lithuanian Sarki) ya gama da wani soja alliance da Ivan III, tsaya da biyan haraji. A watan Yuli 1472 ya gudanar da wani m kai hari a kan Moscow. A lokacin da ya Tartar m iya kawai ƙona Aleksin. A wannan lokaci, na kai hari kan wani detachment uluses Akhmat Muhammad Sheibani (Uzbek Khan). Saboda haka, Tatars aka tilasta koma baya.

sa hannu Venice

Wannan jiha ne da za'ayi aiki diplomasiyya ayyuka a kan Tatar khan. Venice manufofin da aka nufin gano wata babbar Majibinci, da wanda shi yiwuwa a daina Mehmed II - Turkish m. A 1470, a gaban Majalisar Dattijan amsa mai kasada Giovanni Battista Della Volpe (kunsha a kan Rasha sabis jami'in diflomasiyyar Ivan Fryazin - zo daga Italiya). A cikin rahoton, ya nuna cewa, Ahmad iya samar 200 dubu. Sojoji. A 1471 zuwa Tatar m ya aka aika zuwa Giovanni Battista Trevisano. Duk da haka, ya aka tsare a Moscow for shekaru 3. A wannan lokaci, Volpe sake ziyarci Ahmat. A 1472, ya bayar da rahoton da majalisar dattijai game da shiri ya je yaki tare da Turks ta ƙasar Hungary bayar a dunƙule Naira Miliyan Xari da 6 da dubu. Ducats kuma wani shekara-shekara biyan 1 dubu. Ducats. A 1476 Treviziano koma zuwa Venice tare da jakadu daga Akhmat. A majalisar dattijai ta amince da wani tsari da za a fara yaki a kan Danube. Da yakin neman zabe, duk da haka, ya yi Casimir.

Han Ahmat da kuma Ivan 3

Kan gaba 'yan shekaru, duk da cewa, an kaddamar yau da kullum musayar ofisoshin jakadancin, Tatar m iya ba kai daga Moscow dawo da biyan haraji. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasa hana samuwar na Moscow-Crimean ƙawance da Mengli Giray. Back a 1467 bayan da mamayewa da kuma kama na sashin Ahmad aika zuwa Moscow bayan Buchuk. The m nema ba kawai zaman majalisar na biyan haraji, amma kuma nace a kan isowa na Rasha yarima a gare shi. A wannan lokacin, da halin da ake ciki ne ƙwarai, ya fi karfinsu domin Ivan III. A wannan batun, kamar yadda evidenced wasu kafofin, ya nuna Prudence da kuma kyakkyawar mu'amala. Kila ko ya biya haraji. Amma a 1479 da halin da ake ciki canza. Ivan III ya iya iko da Novgorod, da kuma Ahmad rasa tasiri a cikin Crimea. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa gaba Jakadan Moscow da aka dauka demonstratively maƙiya. Rasha m yaga wasiqar, wanda aka a baya bayar Han Ahmat. 1480 kasance shekara ta ƙarshe na karshe gwamnati. Casimir IV yi wa'adi ga taimaka da Tatar m. Bayan kulla goyon bayan, Ahmad yanke shawarar da ya yi wani babban-sikelin mamayewa na Moscow asashe. Duk da haka, shi ya ƙare sosai mugun.

Tsaye a kan Ugra (1480)

Satumba 30 Moscow yarima koma daga Kolomna a kan jirgin tare da boyars da Metropolitan. A sakamakon haka, ya samu gagarimin yabo a cikin tarzomar da mangolawa. A waɗannan kwanaki da yarima manzanninMu suka je daga Boris da Andrew Volotsk Greater, ya sanar da karewa tawaye. Rasha m sanya musu gãfara, kuma ya gaya wa tattara shiryayye, kuma zuwa Oka. 3 ga watan Oktoba, Ivan tafi garin Kremenets. Barin tare da shi a kananan karfi, mafi yawan sojojin ya aika zuwa bano. Tatars halin da ake lalatar ƙasar tare da babba kai na da Oka. Bayan kamawa da birni a nan, su ake sa ran kashe wani hari daga raya. Oktoba 8 Tartar m kokarin tilasta wa gundumar. Ugra. Duk da haka, Rasha sojojin mayar da wani hari Prince. Fiye da 'yan kwanaki Tatars sau da yawa kokarin haye zuwa wancan gefe. Amma duk lokacin da suka tsaya Rasha manyan bindigogi. A sakamakon haka, suna da koma baya ga 2 mil kuma tsaya a Luz. Rasha prince dauki a kan m banki na tsaron gida. Haka abin ya fara da "tsaye a kan Ugra" a 1480 daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, fara wani skirmish, amma wani tsanani hari ba dauka ba daya kuma a daya gefen.

A ƙarshen adawa

tattaunawar fara tsakanin jam'iyyun. Tatar Khan nema su da shi shi ne a Rasha yarima ko dansa (ko a kalla wani ɗan'uwansa), bayyana da biyayya, da kuma kawo masa haraji ga 7 shekaru. Ivan aika kamar yadda jakadan Ivan Tovarkovo - boyar dan - tare da kyautai. A wannan yanayin, da ake bukata biya haraji da aka ƙi. Haka kuma, da Rasha sarkin kyauta aka ba soma. Shi ne wata ila cewa Ivan tafi su yi shawarwari domin samun lokaci. A halin da ake ciki ya fara canza a cikin ni'imar - sa ran reinforcements Borisa Volotskogo da Andrei Bolshoi. Bugu da kari, Mengli Giray cika alkawarinsa, kuma ya kai hari a kudancin yankunan na Duchy na Lithuania. Akhmad, haka ne aka hana wani bege na taimako Casimir.

Noqewa Rasha yarima

Tatar m tara dukan mazaunan jihar, kuma bai bar wata fama shirya runduna. Ivan aika a mallaki Akhmat kananan detachment karkashin jagorancin Basil porous. Oktoba 28, da Rasha, sarkin ya yanke shawarar janye dakarunta zuwa Kremenets to sai mayar da hankali a Borovsk. A nan sai ya shirya ya yi yãƙi a cikin yanayin da zai taimaka. Ahmad, bi da bi, koyi cewa wani detachment na porous yi a bayansa. Saboda da dogon tsaya a wuri guda, da Tartar sojojin fara rashin kayayyaki. Gaskiyar cewa sun ci tumaki, wanda suka bãya gare shi. Bayan wani dogon tsaye ƙare duk hannun jari na abinci. Saboda haka, a kan Nuwamba 11, Ahmad yanke shawarar komawa zuwa dũkiyõyinsu. Bayan ya dawo da wasu lokaci daga baya ya aka kashe a wani mamaki kai farmaki da tsohon majiɓinta.