Asirin Ancient Misira: Mene ne masana'antu da fasaha na Papyrus?

Ancient kayan masana'antu da fasaha da cewa ya sauya Masar firistoci da jami'an takarda, domin ƙarni zauna a cikin abu wulakantacce. Dalilin wannan ba kawai a jihar kenkenewa a kan samar da Papyrus da himma obereganie dabaru na kasuwanci, amma kuma canjin yanayi a cikin Nile Delta da kuma matsalolin muhalli. A sakamakon haka, na karshe Papyrus a Misira ne kusan dadaddun. Kawai a cikin biyu da rabi na karni na 20th goyon baya Hassan Ragab halarci Tarurrukan na nazarin tsire-tsire da kuma yiwuwa na da aikace-aikace. Yana da aka ta hanyar da ya binciken zamani mutumin da aka sani masana'antu tsari na Papyrus.

The darajar da tsoho Masarawa Papyrus

Tropical ruwa-m shuka, na ga sedge da related Cyperus, da dama shekara dubu da suka wuce kafa wani m ƙunci a marshy bankuna na Nile a cikin ƙananan ya kai. Papyrus ne mai tsayi m kuɓuta, shugaba tare da "laima" na kunkuntar lanceolate ganye. Inflorescence kama a fan of Papyrus, kunsha da dama spikelets. Triangular Papyrus stalk wuya, m kuma m.

Yana da aka yi amfani da matsayin abu don furniture, boats, rafts. A daina kai hare hare qirqiro igiya, kwandon takalma. Bushe tushen shuke-shuke amfani da man fetur. Soft ɓangare na shoot, wanda ya karkashin ruwa, ya ci abinci. A wannan bangare ne fi dacewa dace domin samar da "takarda".

Akayi na yi na Papyrus: tsagawa, "taro", bushewa a karkashin matsin lamba, polishing, gluing

Ƙananan ɓangare na kara daga daina kai hare hare tsarkake sakewa m, fibrous da m jiki. Ta cleaved cikin bakin ciki waina ce da aka tsawon 40-50 cm. Modern fasahar shafi soaking tube ga dama, kwanaki.

Gama faranti (filyury) aza a kan wani lebur lapped surface, dage farawa da wani zane da kuma fata: The farko Layer - layi daya gefen da tebur, na biyu - perpendicularly. Da farko da nisa na ƙãre takardar da aka ba fiye da 15 cm amma Masarawa daga baya koya yi fairly Wide Web. A kan aiwatar da stacking abu wetted da ruwa daga Kogin Nilu.

Zanen gado da aka sa'an nan sanya karkashin latsa. Yana da ya wajaba don tabbatar da cewa tube ake gam tare, da kuma Papyrus ya zama bakin ciki da kuma uniform.

Nuances da kadan-san facts

Abin da Papyrus masana'antu da fasaha, shi ne mai sauki don bayyana. All haduwar ne a cikin cikakken bayani. Saboda haka, da ya fi tsayi Papyrus sa a karkashin matsin lamba ko pre-soaked, saboda haka ya samun duhu. Yana da muhimmanci ba ya jinkirta da tsari: Masarawa fi son m abu. A surface takardar da aka bi da tare da wani musamman fili da cewa ya hana yada na tawada. An sanya daga vinegar, gari da kuma ruwan zãfi. Ana cire zanen gado daga latsa, master mayar da su tare da musamman guduma da guga polishing duwatsu, guda na itace ko kashi. Tattalin Papyrus dried a rana. Sai suka makale tare, don samun littafin. Masarawa biya da hankali ga shugabanci na zaruruwa, don haka don gano "hadin gwiwa" ya kusan yiwu ba. Sun rubuta, yawanci a gefe daya (wanda Romawa daga baya ya kira recto). Production Papyrus a zamanin d Misira aka sa a rafi. Sun sayar da shi mirgina, "yankan kashe" da kuma "a kan nauyi".

Papyrus a tsufa

"Pa da aa" ko "abu na Sarakuna" - abin da ake kira da "takarda" Masarawa kansu. Suka fara yin amfani da Papyrus har da baya a matsayin 3rd Millennium BC. e. Helenawa aro lokaci da dama canza ta pronunciation. Ya kamata a lura cewa Misira bayar Papyrus dukan zamanin da duniya, kuma haka shi ya ci gaba har game da shekara 800 BC. e. A da shi aka rubuta dokokin, m kuma addini texts, sanya m da misalai. A cikin 1 st karni BC. e. tarihi Pliniy Starshy a cikin "Natural History" shãfe a kan wannan tambaya da abin da yake fasahar yin Papyrus. Duk da haka, da bayanai azurta su da aka quite zaran ya mayar cinikayya.

A cewar Strabo da Pliny, akwai da dama iri na Papyrus. Watan Agusta, livievy da hieratic an dauke a lokacin da Roman Empire mafi kyau. Bugu da ari bi a tiers (Alexandria) da kuma saitsky teneotsky. Dukkan su sun tsara don rubuce. Masarawa ma ciniki "takarda m" - m "wrapper" Papyrus.

Tarurrukan craft asirin

"Mene ne Papyrus masana'antu da fasaha?" - wannan tambaya ya zama damuwa Hassan Ragab, Masar jakadan kasar Sin, inda ya gana da wani Sin iyali, tsunduma a samar da takarda a cikin gargajiya hanya. Wancan, da shi a 1956. Back gida, Ragab sayi ƙasar domin plantation, kawo daga Sudan gida Papyrus da tsunduma a kimiyya da bincike. Ragab da dalibai gudanar ya yi Papyrus, ba na baya a ingancin tsoho samfurori. A shi ne talented Masar artists yi zanen: kofe samu a cikin kaburbura na zane-zane da kuma asali aiki.

Yana da wuya a ce ko zamani Ragab Papyrus matsayin m matsayin tsoho Masar. Bugu da kari, sauyin yanayi ya zama mafi m da kuma danshi Papyrus Ganĩma. Shi ne kuma ba a sani ba yadda za daidai reproduced Ragab aiwatar da yi na Papyrus. Zai yiwu ya zo da shi da wani abu na kansa. Amma, ko ta wani hanya, ta zamani, littattafan da kuma ado bangarori an samu nasarar sayar, da kuma bayani game da abin da Papyrus masana'antu da fasaha da dama ga kowane bincike yawon shakatawa.