Girman kwanyar jijiyoyi, 12 nau'i-nau'i daga: Anatomy, tebur ayyuka

Jijiyoyi bayyana a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma mikawa daga gare shi, a cikin magani aka bayyana a matsayin girman kwanyar ko girman kwanyar jijiyoyi (12 nau'i-nau'i). Su innervate gland, tsokoki, da fata da kuma sauran gabobin dake a cikin kai da wuya, kazalika da a ciki da kuma thoracic cavities.

Bari mu magana a yau game da wadannan ma'aurata da kuma wadanda take hakki da cewa bayyana a cikin su.

Iri girman kwanyar jijiyoyi

Kowace daga ce nau'i-nau'i daga jijiyoyi da aka denoted da wani Roman adadi daga na farko zuwa na goma sha biyu, bisa ga wuri a kan tushe na kwakwalwa. Suna located a cikin wadannan domin:

1) olfactory.

2) spotting.

3) oculomotor.

4) block.

5) trigeminal.

6) karkatar;

7) fuska.

8) ji.

9) glossopharyngeal.

10) cikin ɓata;

11) kari.

12) sublingual.

Wadannan sun hada da autonomic efferent da afferent zaruruwa da su tsakiya suna located a launin toka al'amari na kwakwalwa. Dangane da abun da ke ciki na jijiya zaruruwa, duk girman kwanyar jijiyoyi (12 nau'i-nau'i) ya kasu kashi azanci, motor da kuma gauraye. Bari mu bincika su a cikin wannan girmamawa.

m jinsunan

Wannan kungiyar hada olfactory, na gani da auditory jijiyoyi.

A olfactory jijiyoyi ne matakai da suke a cikin hanci mucosa. An fara tare da hanci rami, suka haye Grid farantin karfe kuma su dace da olfactory kwan fitila, inda da farko neuron ƙare da kuma fara tsakiyar hanya.

Spotting biyu kunshi zaruruwa tsawaita daga retinal Cones da sanduna. All jijiyoyi wani bangare ne na daya ganga a cikin girman kwanyar kogo. Farko, da suka kafa wata mararraba, sa'an nan na gani fili, kwakwalwa kara circumferential fiber na gani, kuma mai bayarwa cibiyoyin. A daya jijiya ya hada game da miliyan daya zaruruwa (axons na neurons na akan tantanin ido) da kuma, a Bugu da kari, ya qunshi daya waje cikin farji, yayin da sauran - da ciki. Jijiya shiga zagayayyen kwanya ta hanyar da na gani tashar.

By takwas biyu daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi suna ji - 12 nau'i-nau'i daga wasu, ban da wadannan uku kasance a cikin mota ko gauraye. A auditory jijiya zaruruwa ake directed daga tsakiyar kunne ga nuclei. A kowane daga cikinsu ya shiga cikin vestibular da cochlear tushen. Sun mika daga tsakiyar kunne da kuma ne a cikin cerebellopontine kwana.

motor iri

A wani rukuni na 12 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi ne oculomotor, block, ƙarin, sublingual da kanti jijiyoyi.

The uku biyu, Ina nufin oculomotor jijiyoyi dauke da autonomic, motor, kuma parasympathetic zaruruwa. Sun kasu kashi babba da ƙananan rassan. Kuma kawai da babba rassan ne motor kungiyar. Su ne bangare na tsoka da cewa kiwata fatar ido.

Don na gaba kungiyar hada toshe jijiyoyi da cewa kai da ido motsa. Idan muka kwatanta duk girman jijiyoyi - 12 nau'i-nau'i - Waɗannan su ne mafi m. Sun samo asali ne daga tsakiya zuwa tegmentum, sa'an nan ta rufe kwakwalwa kara da directed zuwa sararin samaniya, innerviruya babba QFontDatabase tsoka na apple ido.

Abducens jẽranta shiryar da ido tsoka. Bã su da wani mota core a cikin rami. Fitowa daga cikin kwakwalwa, suna aika wa da m orbital fissure, innerviruya akwai dama ido tsokoki.

Ƙarin jijiyoyi fãra daga medulla oblongata da mahaifa yankunan da laka. The mutum Tushen suna da alaka da daya shaft mikawa ta cikin rami, kuma shi ne raba ta waje da kuma ciki rassan. Ciki reshe, wanda yana da zaruruwa da hannu a cikin innervation na maƙogwaro da pharynx, shi ne a haɗe zuwa vagus jijiya.

Kuma na karshe na 12 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi (Table wanda for saukaka aka gabatar a karshen cikin labarin) game da mota, suna da hypoglossal jijiya. Asalin wannan jijiya ne cerebrospinal. Amma, a kan lokaci, shi ya koma cikin kwanyar. A fili yake cewa shi ne motor jijiya daga cikin harshe. Tushen fito daga medulla oblongata sa'an nan haye carotid jijiya da kuma shigar da lingual tsokoki raba zuwa rassan.

gauraye views

Wannan kungiyar hada trigeminal, fuska, glossopharyngeal da vagus jijiyoyi. A gauraye jijiyoyi, ganglia akwai, kama da wadanda suke ba a cikin kashin baya, amma ba su da gaba da raya tushen sa. Bã su da wani mota da azanci shine fiber iri suna shiga a cikin wani na kowa akwati. Har ila yau, sun iya kawai zama a kusa da.

Yawa 12 daban-daban nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi. Saboda haka, na uku, na bakwai, da tara da kuma goma da nau'i-nau'i da parasympathetic zaruruwa a fitarwa sassan cewa an nufi ga autonomic ganglia. Da yawa daga cikinsu garwaya rassan, inda daban-daban zaruruwa.

A trigeminal jijiya yana da biyu Tushen, inda ya fi girma ne m da karami - motor. fata innervation na su faruwa a kambi, kunne da kuma Chin yankunan. Innervation ma na kama da conjunctiva da ido apple, Dura, mucous - hanci da baki, hakora da kuma gumis, kazalika da babban ɓangare na harshe.

Trigeminal jijiya dake tsakanin kafar cerebellar, na tsakiya, da kuma gada. Zaruruwa ne m tushen ganglion kwance cikin boko dala kusa koli wanda aka kafa ta tsagawa da Dura. Suka kawo karshen sama a tsakiya na jijiya, wanda aka located a cikin rami, da tsakiya na kashin baya hanya, ci gaba a cikin medulla oblongata, sa'an nan ta aika wa laka. Motor jijiya tushen zaruruwa Kwatsam daga trigeminal tsakiya, wanda yake a cikin gada.

Daga cikin ganglion tashi manya-, ƙananan muƙamuƙi, da na gani jijiya. A karshen ne m, ne zuwa kashi nosoresnichny, frontal da hawaye. Innervation 12 girman kwanyar jijiyoyi da nau'i-nau'i dabam ba kawai a tsakãninsu da nau'i-nau'i, amma kuma Kalam rassan. Saboda haka, lacrimal jijiya innervates a kaikaice kwana na ido, wucewa da lacrimal gland shine yake secretory rassan. A frontal jijiya, da bi, aka branched a goshin da kuma SUPPLiES shi mucosa. Nosoresnichny SUPPLiES da eyeball, kuma ya tashi raga jijiyoyi da cewa innervate hanci mucosa.

Shin m da kuma maxillary jijiya mikawa pterygopalatine fossa da palatal-ta gaban fuskar. Daga shi fãra babba alveolar jijiyoyi da cewa zuwa hakora daga cikin manya muƙamuƙi da gumis. A jijiya ya wuce a kan kumatunta daga cikin ganglion jijiyoyi a baya na hanci to ta mucosa da nasopharynx. Jijiya zaruruwa ne m, kuma parasympathetic.

Don a gauraye da irin ne mandibular jijiya. Ya ƙunshi wani motor tushen. Its azanci shine rassan hada buccal jijiya samar da ta dace mucosal ushno-boko innervating fata a haikalin da su da kunnuwa da lingual, wanda SUPPLiES da tip da kuma mayar da jawabai. Baya alveolar jijiya ne gauraye. Tafiya a cikin ƙananan muƙamuƙi, shi ƙare a kan Chin, sashe daga nan a cikin fata da kuma mucosa daga cikin ƙananan lebe. A rassan suna daura da autonomic ganglia:

• ushno-boko jijiya - tare da kunne cewa innervate da parotid gland shine yake.
• lingual jijiya - tare da ganglion bada innervation a submandibular da sublingual gland.

Don gaba hada da mota da kuma azanci shine girman kwanyar jijiyoyi. Mixed zaruruwa haifar mouthfeel. Wasu zaruruwa innervate nan lacrimal da salivary gland, da sauransu - da gaban kashi biyu cikin uku na harshe.

Facial jijiya kunshi mota zaruruwa, farko a cikin sama ramukan. Wannan ya hada da matsakaiciyar flavored jijiya da kuma parasympathetic zaruruwa. Wasu matakai ne ganglion, sakamakon gustatory zaruruwa na vagus da glossopharyngeal jijiyoyi. A farkon a sauran salivary da lacrimal nuclei kusa da mota core.

Facial jijiya zai fara a bargo cerebellopontine kwana, sa'an nan fitowa ta cikin tashar a gaban auditory meatus. Akwai kirtani da drum, ta hanyar wucewa a kogo da alaka da lingual jijiya. Yana hada daɗin ci da parasympathetic zaruruwa wanda isa submandibular ganglion.

A fuska jijiya kofofi da kashi haikalin da aka gudanar a cikin parotid gland shine yake, inda intertwining. Saboda haka rassan diverging fan-dimbin yawa hanya. A wannan lokaci, duk innervated tsokoki game da mimic, da kuma wasu wasu. Branch a wuyansa na gyara man fuska jijiya rassan a cikin ta subcutaneous tsoka.

Glossopharyngeal biyu gane innervation lacrimal gland, raya harshe rabo, can cikin kunne da kuma pharynx. Motor zaruruwa directed zuwa stylopharyngeus tsoka da kuma detrusor makogwaro da kuma gabansa - for parotid gland shine yake zuwa ushnomu ganglion. A nuclei daga wadannan jijiyoyi, da bambanci ga sauran nuclei wanda suke 12 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi, an shirya a cikin rami - alwatika na vagus jijiya.

Parasympathetic zaruruwa fara salivary tsakiya. Glossopharyngeal jijiya, motsi daga cikin medulla oblongata kara da tushe harshe. Daga ganglion jijiya fara drum da ciwon parasympathetic zaruruwa, har ya zuwa kunne ganglion. Next, za a fara lingual, mindalikovye da pharyngeal jijiyoyi. Lingual jijiyoyi innervate da harshe.

Yawo biyu aiwatar parasympathetic innervation a ciki da kuma a cikin kirji da wuya. Wannan jijiya kunshi mota da azanci shine zaruruwa. Ga shi ne babbar innervation. A vagus jijiya yana da wani dual core:

• dorsal.
• da Kadaitaccen fili.

Bar baya da zaitun a wuyansa, shi motsa tare da neuro-jijiyoyin bugun gini cuta, sa'an nan branched.

ƙeta

Dysfunctions iya samun duk girman jijiyoyi - 12 ma'aurata. Tiyata da shafi yankunan da aka bayyana a bangarori daban-daban na tsakiya ko shafts. Don yin ganewar asali, wani zuzzurfan bincike na intracranial pathological tafiyar matakai. Idan rauni rinjayar daya gefen da zuciyar, da kuma zaruruwa, shi ne mafi m, shi ne wani take hakkin da ayyuka na wani daga cikin shafa 12 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi.

Neuroscience karatu, duk da haka, da kuma cututtuka a gefen. Sa'an nan suka kamu da lalacewar tafarkin. Yana kuma ya faru da cewa tabarbarewa daga cikin jijiyoyi suna da alaka da kumburi, arachnoid mafitsara, ƙurji, jijiyoyin bugun gini malformations, da kuma sauran irin wannan tafiyar matakai.

A lokaci daya asarar 12 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi, wato, da hyoid da vagus da glossopharyngeal, zama da aka sani da bulbar palsy. Wannan ne mai matukar hatsari cuta, tun akwai yiwuwar samun Pathology mafi muhimmanci cibiyoyin na kwakwalwa kara.

Ilimi na topographic wuri na girman kwanyar jijiyoyi ba ka damar yadda ya kamata gane kunkuntar rabo daga kowane rauni. Don gudanar da bincike, ya unsa da dabaru na musamman. Tare da ya dace kayan aiki, a yau shi ne mai yiwuwa a bayyana duk da cikakken bayani game da jihar na fundus, da na gani jijiya, don gane asali da fannin hangen nesa da kuma foci na hasara. Walwa bincike damar high-daidaici gano wuri da lalace yankin.

ophthalmological bincike

Wannan dabara damar gane tafka magudi a oculomotor, block da efferent jijiyoyi ma'aurata bayyanãwa iyaka locomotor aiki eyeballs, exophthalmos digiri biyu. Pathology na gani da auditory jijiya za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar takaita da canal a cikin kashi ko, a akasin wannan, da tsawo. Ganewar asali da aka sanya da babba ramummuka na sarari suKe, kazalika da daban-daban takware ragargaje.

Verterbalnaya da carotid angiography

Wannan hanya yana da darajar domin gane jijiyoyin bugun gini malformations da intracranial tafiyar matakai. Duk da haka, mafi cikakken bayani a kan wadannan al'amurra za su samar da kwamfuta tomography. Yana visualizes girman kwanyar jijiya kututturan, gane asali ƙari na gani da auditory biyu da kuma sauran pathologies.

rheotachygraphy

Zurfin bincike na girman kwanyar jijiyoyi da aka sanya yiwu godiya ga ci gaban wannan hanya. Yana da kayyade Jihar maras wata-wata murdede daukan taban da mimic aiki, tsokoki na harshe, taushi da palate da sauran tsokoki. Electromyography ma damar yin lissafi da kudi na turu madugu tare cikin kututturan fuska, hypoglossal kuma m jijiyoyi. Don wannan karshen, mu bincika ƙyaftawar reflex martani da cewa an bayar da trigeminal da fuska jijiyoyi.

Neurological jarrabawa da kuma cututtuka na wasu jijiyoyi girman kwanyar

Wannan hanya da aka yi a cikin wani takamaiman tsari. Ya fara da wani binciken da na olfactory jijiya. Auduga ulu soaked a kara kuzari kawo wa kafafen hancinsa alternately. A na gani jijiya aka gwada for ido Nazarin, inda, a Bugu da kari to kai tsaye rauni, bã su iya gane sakandare canje-canje. Pathology iya sa m, degenerative, kumburi, ko jijiya za a iya hallaka.

Raunuka wadannan uku 12 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiya (oculomotor, trochlear da dakatar da) zama dalili diplopia da strabismus. Yana iya faruwa da babba fatar ido ptosis, mydriasis, diplopia.

Munanan a cikin na biyar biyu, da cewa shi ne, a cikin trigeminal jijiya, abu don tabarbarewar ƙwarai a kan wani ɓangare na fuska, inda suka wanzu. Wannan za a iya gani a cikin haikali, goshi da cheekbones, idanu, Chin, kuma lebe. Sai ya faru da cewa ji ciwo mai tsanani, akwai rashes da sauran halayen. Saboda fuska jijiyoyi da yawa links, to, wannan biyu ne halin da fadi da dama pathological halayen.

A hali na take hakkin da auditory jijiya yake ta tabarbarewa a ji, glossopharyngeal - sosai ƙwarai a can cikin kunne, da hypoglossal - iyakance motsi harshe. A cikin hali na vagus jijiya tasowa inna na taushi palate da vocal igiyar. Har ila yau, shi za a iya lalace zuciya kari, numfasawa, da kuma sauran visceral-vegetative ayyuka.

Complex cuta da kuma girman kwanyar jijiyoyi (12 nau'i-nau'i): Anatomy, tebur

Aiki na jijiya zaruruwa za a iya warware duka biyu kadai, kuma a hade, tare da daban-daban pathologies daga cikin ƙananan ragargaje. Saboda haka, idan duk jijiyoyi da bala'in ya shafa a gefe daya daga cikin girman kwanyar tushe, magana game da wani ciwo Garcin. Lokacin da ophthalmic marurai na kashi da kuma taushi nama auku ciwo m orbital fissure. A raunuka da kuma obnyatelnogo da na gani jijiya taso Kennedy ciwo.

Wadannan da sauran cututtuka bayyana biyu a manya da yara a. Ga yara musamman m jijiya lalacewar cewa suna hade da malformations.

Kasa shi ne tsarin a kan wanda za a fi fahimtar yadda za a yi aiki da girman kwanyar jijiyoyi (12 nau'i-nau'i). Tiyata (tebur dangane da ilmi) zai taimake ku kewaya intricacies na aiki na su daban-daban kungiyoyin.

ƙarshe

Mu duba a duk girman jijiyoyi - 12 ma'aurata. Anatomy of a tebur aiki a cikin labarin ya nuna cewa duk cherpno-cerebral jijiyoyi da wani hadadden tsarin, an dangantaka da juna. Kuma idan wani aiki da aka aiwatar da iyaka ko ba a yi a duk, sa'an nan akwai take hakki.

To don koyi duk girman jijiyoyi (12 nau'i-nau'i) tebur. Ilimin tsarin jijiyoyi, da amfani da wannan bayanai, da kuma godiya ga wani musamman kayayyakin zamani, sanya gagarumin ci gaba a cikin ikon dace ganewar asali da kuma tasiri lura da marasa lafiya.