A farko sarari yawon shakatawa Dennis Tito. jirgin Tarihi

Dennis Tito (haife Agusta 8, 1940 a Queens, New York, USA) - kasuwan Amurka, wanda ya zama na farko da zaman mutum wanda ya biya bashin tafiya a cikin sarari.

manhaja vitae

Tito samu ya aramin Aeronautics da Astronautics a New York University a shekarar 1962 da kuma Jagora na Engineering Science a Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute a Troy, NY, a 1964. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Aerospace injiniya a Laboratory Jet propulsion na National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), inda ya taimaka wajen shirya da kuma kula da manufa to Mars, "Mariner-4" da "Mariner 9". A shekara ta 1972 da ya yi murabus daga Space a cikin Sphere na kudi da kuma taimaka an American zuba jari m Wilshire Associates, kazalika haifar da wani index "Wilshire 5000" - wani gwargwado na Amurka stock kasuwar daraja. Ya farko amfani da ilmin lissafi kayayyakin amfani a cikin sarari shirin, domin sanin da kudi kasuwa kasada.

Yanzu ko ba

28 ga watan Afrilu, 2001 - da ranar haihuwa na kasuwanci sarari jirgin. A wannan rana, da kasuwan Amurka shi ne wanda ya zama na farko da sarari yawon shakatawa a tarihi. Ya biya domin zaman kan ISS, kazalika da su isar zuwa ga wani fasinja a jirgin cikin Rasha kai kumbon sama jannati "Soyuz". Shekara arba'in bayan Yuri Gagarin ya zama mutum na farko a cikin sararin samaniya, Tito ya nuna cewa sarari tafiya a iya yin kudi, kuri'a kudi, kamar yadda ya sa a zagaye Naira Miliyan Xari - miliyan 20 USD.

Ya so ya je sarari tun lokacin jirgin Yuriya Gagarina. Kuma Dennis fara fassara masa mafarkin cikin gaskiya a farkon 2000. A wannan shekara, sai ya jũya shekaru 60 da haihuwa, kuma ya ji cewa ya damar samun a cikin sarari ne hanzari ragewa. Duk da yake mafi tsufa jannati ya Dick Slayton, wanda ya ziyarci madawwama biyu a shekarar 1975 yana da shekaru 51 da shekaru.

Tito Na ce wa kaina. "Yana yanzu ko taba"

A cikin watan Yuni 2000, ya sanya hannu a kwangila tare da MirCorp, wanda hada da wani jirgin a kan da "Soyuz TM-32" a kan Rasha tashar sararin samaniya "Mir". Duk da haka, a watan Disamba na wannan shekara, wadannan tsare-tsaren kasa, kamar yadda Rasha ta sanar da cewa shirin janye daga madawwama biyu na tsufa tashar ( "Mir" da aka ƙone a cikin yanayi a watan Maris 2001).

Duk da koma-baya, Dennis Tito zarar sun amince a sake. Ya sanya hannu a kwangila da kamfanin Space Kasadar, wanda ya kasance mai shiga tsakani da isar da masu zaman kansu mutanen a sarari. A wannan lokacin, da ISS da aka mun gwada sabon aikin, taron wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1998.

Sand cikin ƙafafun

A Rasha gefen amince ya dauki kudi da kuma Tito miƙa shi wani wuri a kan jirgin "Union". Amma da sauran abokan a cikin tashar, musamman NASA da kuma sarari hukumomin na Canada, Turai da kuma Japan, ya ba da aka kafa gaskiya ma. Suna kawai gaya Rasha cewa shi ba da shawarar su tashi zuwa Dennis.

NASA wakilan yayin da, a cikin manufa, ba tsayayya da su gaban biyan abokan ciniki a kan jirgin da orbiting dakin gwaje-gwaje. Suna kawai ba su yi imani da cewa ta hanyar Afrilu Tito horo zai zama isa, tun sa'an nan yakan haifar da wani hadadden da muhimmanci events na tashar.

A wani taron manema saki ta NASA a kan Maris 19, 2001, an bayyana cewa, kasancewar ba sana'a ma'aikatan jirgin ba su horar da su yi aiki tare da dukkan m tsarin na tashoshin cewa ba zai iya amsa da taimaka a wani gaggawa halin da ake ciki da cewa na iya tashi, da kuma wanda zai bukaci m saka idanu, zai kawo gagarumin nauyi a kan balaguro da zai rage sauran matakin na aminci da ISS.

A farko sarari yawon shakatawa ya yi ĩmãni ya haihuwa kuma taka rawar gani. A cewar shi, a mazan mutane faruwa da kuma zuciya harin, da kuma shanyewar jiki, da kuma wani abu amma gawa kai baya ga Duniya ba zai zama sosai dace da psychologically wuya. Saboda haka, NASA ya yi duk abin da zai yiwu a Tito iya tashi a watan Afrilu.

Watanni takwas a Star City

Amma Tito bai daina. Ya ci gaba da horo a Star City kusa Moscow, inda 'yan saman jannati horar da Yuri Gagarin sau. Tito ciyar mafi yawan shekaru a can, kasancewa cikin igiyar ruwa. A cewar shi, shi ne, ba sauki. Ya yi zama a Rasha domin watanni takwas, ba daidai da sanin shi zai tashi ko ba.

Ƙarshe Dennis juriyarsu ya biya kashe. Fiye da shike NASA, ya aka aiko zuwa sarari suKe Afrilu 28, 2001, ya zama 415th mutum taba kaisu a sarari.

A cewar Tito, duk da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma matsaloli ne gaugãwa, da karin cewa hukumar goyan bayan da wadannan sarari yawon bude ido da suka ziyarci da orbiting dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma ya kasance haka taimaka da zaman sarari jirgin a general.

mafarki zo gaskiya

A farko sarari yawon shakatawa haura zuwa cikin falaki, ya ciyar game da kwanaki shida a kan jirgin da ISS, sa'an nan komai a fili a Kazakhstan May 6, 2001.

ManzancinSa ya na bayar da muhimmanci, tun wahayi zuwa a yawan zuba jari a kamfanoni masu zaman sarari tafiya. Kila, kamfanin Virgin Galactic Richarda Brensona, da Blue da Origin Dzheffa Bezosa, kuma ko da SpaceX Elon Musk zai ba bayyana a cikin wannan kasuwanci, idan jirgin Dennisa Tito bai dauki wuri. Ya misali ya nuna cewa sarari jirgin ne samuwa ga mutane a game da motsa jiki da jini, kazalika a kudi sharuddan.

Domin ta bangare, Tito farin ciki cewa halarci a cikin haihuwa na masana'antu, ko da yake dukan bashi a kudi na 'yan kasuwa da kuma orbital yawon bude ido da suka zo bayan shi. Kuma ga shi, ba shakka, da tafiya za yaushe resonate a wani fiye da sirri matakin. A cewar Tito ta tafiya ne ya 40-shekara mafarki. Flight ba shi da wani ji na cikar rayuwar - duk da cewa ya yi fiye da abin da zai zama wani ƙarin lada a gare shi.

Dennis Tito - sarari yawon shakatawa

Tito komai a fili a cikin Kazakh steppe a kan wani saukowa kwantena "Soyuz" kumbon sama jannati, wanda ya koma da shi da kuma biyu Rasha cosmonauts da ISS to Earth. Dennis, Talgat Musabayev da kuma Yuri Baturin sauka a 05:42 GMT. 'Yan saman jannati jirgin roka zuwa matashi da fall da kuma saukar laima. Sa'o'i uku kafin kwantena "Soyuz" undocked daga sararin samaniya da kuma ta fara walƙiya-sauri zuriya zuwa Earth.

A karshe video na sarari Tito ce cewa shi da kansa ya cika da mafarki ransa, shi ne mafi alhẽri cewa kome zai iya zama a gare shi, da kuma gode da duk wadanda suka goyi bayansa ya manufa. Lokacin da ƙungiya bar ISS, Talgat Musabayev da Amurka jannati Dzhim Voss rungumi da musabaha da Tito Voss. Sa'an nan Tito da 'yan saman jannati na iyo headfirst cikin "Union", da kuma ƙyanƙyashe haɗa da kwantena da tashar da aka rufe. Ciki da kwantena, da suka hada da abinci - da kumbon sama jannati fa, tã yi ta samar da makamashi daga ISS, da kuma ciyar kewayawa kwamfuta. Suka sa ƙato spacesuits ga jirgin baya ga Duniya, da jirgin ya bari ga leaks, kuma undocked daga tashar.

Video kamara a kan kwantena nuna wani m kau da ISS da kuma bayyanar a fagen view na Duniya. A kwantena da aka yada ta cikin duniya da zarar sa'an nan samu kawar da mafi yawan nauyi, ciki har da wani na zama naúra da bayan gida da kuma a kitchen, kazalika da kayan daki da batura da hasken rana bangarori. Akwai kawai 3.3-ton saukowa kwantena.

Hard saukowa

Babban laima "Union" ya kamata ya bude a 05:26 GMT, kafin birki Motors zai yi aiki zuwa laushi da saukowa. A karshe zaman tare da matukan jirgin da Ofishin Jakadancin Control Center a Korolev, dake kusa da birnin Moscow, Tito tambayi Musabaeva ba alluna biyu da gishiri da ruwa don taimaka da shi tsira da obalodi. Ya ba su saka abin da waɗanda magunguna.

jirgin kwamandan Peter Klimuk sanar da ma'aikatan jirgin da cewa yanayin a saukowa site kusa da kauyen, located 400 km kudu maso yammacin babban birnin kasar Kazakhstan Astana, mai kyau, kadan cloudiness, iska 3-7 m / s da kuma zazzabi - game da 20 ° C.

bayan saukowa

Bayan saukowa 80 kilomita arewa maso gabashin Arkalyk a Kazakh steppe uku wuce na farko likita rajistan-up a wani mobile likita cibiyar. Daga can cikin ƙungiya aka dauka zuwa filin jirgin sama na Astana ga wani jami'in taro da Shugaba na Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev. Bayan wani taƙaitaccen taron manema labarai a 12:00 GMT a kan na farko sarari yawon shakatawa, da kuma Musabaev Buchanan tashi zuwa Moscow. Rasha sarari jami'an suna fatan wani hadari saukowa zuwa rigima tafiya Tito sauri ƙare.

Tsohon Dan majalisar dattijan Amurka kuma jannati Dzhon Glenn kira Tito ta tafiya a kan wani Rasha kumbon sama jannati zagi na asali bincike manufa na nazarin sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, ya ce ya bai zargi Tito a son zuciyarsa don samun a cikin sarari, kamar yadda shi ne wani m kwarewa, amma ya ji wannan tafiya rashin amfani kumbon sama jannati tsara don gudanar da bincike.

NASA fargabar

Duk da cewa NASA bari tashi Tito don kammala Multi-biliyan sarari hadaddun, da tafiya sparked hasashe cewa wasu 'yan Elite zai so don ya tashi sama da yanayi. Daga cikin sunayen da aka sanyawa darektan Dzheyms Kemeron, ma'abũcin "Oscar", wanda aka neman cikakken kwana kama da duniya.

Yabon Cameron for jiran NASA ta m a kan tafiya zuwa da ISS, shugaban na sarari dillancin Dan Goldin har abada tunãtarwa Tito kafin labarai da Congress a cikin irin wa giant son kai da kuma cosmic insignificance saka jari a Wall Street. A Subcommittee na Majalisar Wakilai, ya ce cewa wannan halin da ake ciki ya zama musamman wahalarwa ga maza da mata na NASA da kuma cewa Mr. Tito ba sane da kokarin da dubban mutane a Amurka da kuma Rasha, aiki don tabbatar da tsaron lafiyarsa da kuma cewa daga cikin sauran na ƙungiya.

Tsaro Hadarin?

Wadannan zanga-zangar da wuya ya shiga har cikin m ƙwanso da ISS, yawo a tsawon kilomita 300, inda da farko sarari yawon shakatawa, wani tsohon NASA m, amfani unfeigned goyon bayan 'yan'uwansa "Union", tausasawa da liyãfa daga cikin biyu NASA' yan saman jannati rayuwa a cikin "Alpha", kuma ya kasance shigar da dumi rungumi na Rasha kwamandan na tashar.

Cika da sauti na arias da overtures, kazalika da gani na sailing da da nahiyoyi da kuma tekuna, serene duniya na dan kasa mai bincike Tito aka karya kawai a farkon fadan na tashin zuciyar teku.

A lokacin taron manema labarai, ya ƙaryata zargin da Goldin cewa gabansa ya razana lafiya na sarari kwararru. Tito, wanda ya biya har zuwa $ 20 miliyan jirgin baya da kuma fitar, sosai ya taimaki ƙungiya.

menial aiki

Dennis Tito cikin sarari rarraba abinci da kuma aikata kyawawan datti aiki, na taimaka wa ma'aikatan jirgin da kuma barin shi karin lokaci domin gudunmawata aiki.

Wannan tsaro damuwa kasance dalilin cewa 60-shekara Tito sanya sarari tafiya. Yuri Baturin, cosmonaut Talgat Musabayev kuma Tito aka dauka zuwa "Alpha" wani sabon ceto kwantena. A zuwa na wani sabon "Union" da aka bukata kowane watanni shida, a matsayin mai guba man fetur a kan jirgin Rasha kumbon sama jannati rududdugaggu da corrode engine sassa na dogon lokaci. Tsohon jirgin ya game da makonni biyu kafin ƙarewar ta 200-rana garanti.

NASA Agency, gubar da abokin tarayya na 16 kasashe, a sashi zuwa "Alpha" laifi saboda Moscow ya sayar da wuri zuwa nonprofessional.

Akwai zai zama wani farin ciki

Amma underfunded Rasha sarari shirin, wadda iko da fasinja jerin ga manufa, "Union", ya ci gaba da gwaji da tsarin jari hujja, high-Flying, musamman ba da gaskiya cewa kudin tikitin maida hankali ne akan dukan jirgin halin kaka. Dogon lokacin da tsabar kudi da karancin cewa tilasta Russia ya fara your tafiya kasuwanci, bi wani sarari shirin na Moscow bayan da Tarayyar Soviet auka. Jera saboda wannan dalilin, Rasha ta ki zuwa tashar "Mir" bayan wani Littãfi shekaru 15 na ta tsaya a falaki.

Washington biya zaki ya share na aikin halin kaka, amma Moscow, wanda ya unrivaled kwarewa na tsawon lokaci sarari manufa, ya tsara da kuma gina wani yawan key sassa. A fili, da Amurka adawa da Tito ta jirgin ya da nasaba da siyasa.