"Raptor" F-22 (F-22 Raptor) - a karo na biyar-tsara Multi-rawa jirgin saman soja

A farkon watan Satumba 1997, ya sanya halarta a karon jirgin na wani jirgin saman soja "Raptor" F-22. Duk da zlopyhaniya yawa cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje masana, m jirgin halaye na da jirgin sama, amma a 'yan shekaru da suka wuce da shi karshe an dauka daga samarwa. Kuma shi ba sosai a cikin mai ban mamaki da tsada, amma tare da faruwar tasowa a lokacin da aiki.

Ku busa wa biyan haraji

A labarin cewa boyewa da "Raptor" F-22, za a iya buga a cikin kasada littattafai. Yana duk lauye: da intransigence na majalisar dokokin Amurka, da kuma tantrums developers wanda aka tilasta hada da ba-superimposable, da kuma babbar sha'awa na farko jirgin, da kuma m mutuwa da matukan jirgi, kuma m hani a kan aiki lodi ... Naira Miliyan, wanda aka kashe a ci gaba da jirgin sama wuce 70 biliyan daloli bisa ga hukuma rahotanni.

Inda ya tafi asalin

Fasaha aikin a kan halittar sabon jirgin sama F-22 Raptor American designers samu baya a 1981, amma abokan ciniki a fuskar gwamnatin sun sane (amma ba dukan), cewa ci gaba, a mafi kyau, jinkiri ga kamar wata shekaru da dama. A ka'ida, da Air Force kawai a cikin wadanda shekaru samu sabon F-15, siffofin da ya kamata isa ga 'yan shekaru. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Washington kawai so don samun wata dabara da zai zama sarai m zuwa biyu Soviet da kuma Turai. Yan siyasa mafarki game da wani sosai m jirgin sama da zai iya aiki kamar yadda wani jirgin saman soja da kuma kai hari da jirgin sama. Yaya wannan ya faru? Ka yi hukunci.

Sake fasalin kudin taba ƙare

By shaƙewa da kayan aiki da aka gabatar kawai a gane a lokacin da bukatun. Saboda haka, jirgin kwamfuta da samun da damar akalla 10 Gflops da memory a daya gigabyte. Dole ne in ce cewa developers sun iya warware irin wannan mai sauƙi matsalar yin amfani da wani sauki processor i486. Amma sai da soja da aka jiran wani buga: a shekarar 1996, kamar wani shekara kafin na farko jirgin, da kamfani "Intel" ta sanar da lokaci-fita daga m model. A halin yanzu, Pentagon asali sa ran samun akalla 1,200 da jirgin sama, kowanne daga abin da ake bukata 80 (!) Sarrafawa. Ina suka dauki cewa? Lockheed Martin ya sha nanata kokarin "matsi" Developers, amma "Intel" ya mai tauri goro ga crack da kuma ba ya so ya nuna musamman m kayan aiki a kananan batches.

Kuma saboda haka na yi sauri sake rubutawa duk da software don sabon processor. Kawai a kan canji, bisa ga hukuma bayanai, shi ya ciyar a kalla dalar Amirka biliyan. A general, da "Unlimited lokaci iyaka" sun tsine tsada al'amarinsu. Da kuma cewa shi ne kawai farkon. Lalle ne, na biyar-tsara jirgin saman soja ...

Lissafi da kuma zubar da 'yan hawaye

Soja kansu sun mafarkin na vundervaffe, da kudin da zai ba su wuce $ 40 miliyan ta jirgin sama. Amma farashin da aka steadily girma, da kuma saboda Pentagon ya rage appetites. Lokacin da 187 da jirgin sama (da aka rage samar) da aka gina a shekarar 2011, ya bayyana cewa kudin daya na'ura fiye da miliyan $ 150. Saboda haka kudin F-22 "Raptor" "zarce" (da yawa) ko rates F-117 (wanda kuma aka sani da suna "gurgu goblin"), wanda aka dauke domin rikodin a kan nuna alama. Duk da haka, wannan na'ura har yanzu yana da wani yawa mafi kyau siffofin fiye da model 117, wanda American matukan jirgi kansu girmamawa styled "Flying Iron".

A sa na saba wa juna

Zalla hypothetically, kamar yadda "Raptor" F-22 ya ba tukuna kasance a cikin wani real yaki, da jirgin sama ne musamman mai kyau a cikin sama. Daga cikin ra'ayi na radar ganuwa da shi ba haka ba ne sosai daban-daban daga "misali" inji. Hari da ra'ayi daga cikin jirgin saman - kawai maganar banza, saboda wannan kudi zai iya saya a kalla a dozin na al'ada hari da jirgin sama, tabbatarwa kudin wanda shi ne daruruwan sau kasa (!).

Kuma duk wannan ba a sakamakon rashin kwarewa da na zane-zane. Amirkawa sun koyaushe aikata mai kyau da jirgin sama, da kwarewa a wannan fagen, ba su dauke. Kamar a lokacin developers ya yi da farko jirgin daga cikin mota da wani sa na cinikayya-offs. Kuma wannan, kamar yadda ba za ka iya gane wani a zahiri savvy mutane, ba don wani abu mai kyau ya aikata ba.

hanyar sasantawa

Saboda haka, na yi kullum je worsening yi. Alal misali, "Raptor" F-22 na da wani m dakatar for makami mai linzami bam makamai hari wanda rage da darajar da sifili. Shi ya tafi saboda batun da kasancewa daga cikin dakatar da jirgin ya zama daidai ganuwa zuwa radar. Yadda bayyane inji ga zamani tsarin na radar ganewa, ba a san yadda "yãƙi" amfani "Raptor" to date yana da iyaka zuwa kwamfuta kwaikwaiyo.

Kuma saboda duk "cika" is located in ciki compartments. All hudu daga cikinsu. The biyu - daya mai linzami, da sauran biyu - biyu. Haka kuma, bisa ga abokin ciniki ta bukata, ya kamata su fara a cikin hari, da kuma jirgin saman soja embodiment. A sakamakon haka, shi ake bukata don ƙirƙirar nagartaccen na'urar da zai iya "tura fita" wani makami mai linzami a supersonic gudun. Kuma wannan ne yake aikata sau daya a cikin biyu bulan. Da farko iko pneumatic actuator zahiri darkãke makami daga wani waje matsa iska Layer, sa'an nan discards da hydraulics dako a kan ta yanayin.

Shugabannin Amurka Air Force so da martani lokaci-mai hikima wannan inji kada wuce 0.2 seconds. Wannan kawai, duk da Herculean kokarin injiniyoyi da masana kimiyyar, a yi, wannan darajar ne 0.9 seconds. Kuma shi ba a cikin m makanikai: idan roka wajen tura afterburner gudun sauri ne ta hallaka. Saboda haka da cewa dauki daga cikin jirgin sama, saboda haka yin magana, jinkirin.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa irin wannan abin mamaki gudu, ba duk da makamai masu linzami da kuma ba a duk jirgin halaye: ƙasa hari da aka kunna fiye da wani sauki na'urar. Ba tare da faruwa a cikin cikakken bayani, da bude bam bay, da roka da aka sanya a kan reluwe, kuma tare da su fara dako jefa idan ya cancanta.

A nadi na manyan al'amurra

A karshen duk ya zo sauka, don haka da cewa jirgin saman F-22 "Raptor" a kan zane allon ba tafi, amma saboda wani abu ya da za a yi hadaya da. Masana kimiyya da aka kallafa wa kara jirgin yi jirgin saman soja. Sa'an nan da injiniyoyi yanke shawarar yin amfani da injuna da m dirka vectoring, da kuma muhimmanci inganta da contours na airframe. Domin duk abin da dalili, Amirkawa fi son zauna kawai a tsaye dirka canji (mu Su-35, misali, za a iya canza shi a kwance shugabanci).

Invisible a kan radar fuska sa a karo na biyu wuri. Ya bambanta da "Lame Goblin ', da cewa shi ne, da F-117, da aka yi amfani da haka a matsayin kada su cutar da classic siffar da airframe, kuma ba su mai da jirgin sama a wani baƙin ƙarfe cikin sharuddan aerodynamics. Da fatar mayar daga batu, misali, cewa a shekarar 1990, a lokacin da samar da "Night Hawk" An gaggauta folded, duk da kudi daga wannan shirin da aka gaji da "Raptor". Ka'idar shi ne cewa masha'a yanki a F-22 Raptor ne 0.3 m². The "Goblin", wannan adadi jeri daga 0.01 to 0,0025 m². Amma da "Raptor" Duk da haka ya yanke shawarar yin shi da jirgin sama, maimakon maras tabbas baƙin ƙarfe. Kawai sa, kamfanin Lockheed Martin, wannan lokaci ya yanke shawarar ba a gwada ha urin da Congress.

Duk da haka, al'ada cinikayya-kashe tsakanin daidaito da kuma stealth bom har yanzu bai yi aiki ba. Ko a sami wani bayani mai yawa kudi da aka kashe. Saboda haka, domin kare kanka da "Raptor" a lokacin da muka halitta a "mai kaifin" ragargaza shiryar da su zuwa ga manufa ta GPS. Gaskiyar cewa bam din kofofi ne kananan F-22 kawai ba ya shige al'ada bam aiki niyya. Idan ka yi amfani da "sauki" harsasai suggestive abu da ake buga ta a Laser katako, dukan stealth jirgin sama ne tashi saukar da lambatu. Saboda haka tauraron dan adam taimako ya kusan kadai zai yiwu warware wannan matsala.

A general, bam din ya juya m: riƙa tashi a nisa har zuwa kilomita 30 daga sallama aya, da karkacewa daga manufa ne kasa da 11 mita. Tsananin magana, shi ne wani roka, rigidly daura takamaiman lura na Duniya ta surface. Saboda haka idan da manufa shi ne rawar daji, buga ta biyar-tsara jirgin saman soja za su iya idan da kamar wuya. Wanne sake sanya kawo karshen farmaki na damar iya yin komai. Amma wannan ba kawai korau. Don buga da "smart" bam tsit manufa, "Raptor" yana zuwa tashi kawai karkashin hanci da makiya ta iska rundunar sojojin tsaron kasar. Saboda haka cewa karin kaya a cikin mota dauke da bam kofofin da aka caje more kuma da makamai masu linzami musamman tsara daidai counter da anti-aircraft tsaron gida.

hari rauni

Abin lura shi ne cewa m F-22 "Raptor", da halaye na wanda, mun fahimci, yana da wani musamman hardware zuwa gane da waƙa da ƙasa hari, wanda kuma rage hari damar zuwa m. A general, kuma ba su zargi da designers: da farko irin wannan kayan aiki a cikin jirgin sama ya, amma sai aka dauka daga cikin shiri na Pentagon ta request, a lokacin da kudin na shirin sosai kashe sikelin. Don da bashi da injiniyoyi na "Lockheed Martin," Dole ne in ce cewa akalla ainihin kayayyakin aiki, don daidaici bom, suka kasance har yanzu iya ci gaba. Saboda haka, a kan jirgin, akwai duk dole zabin, wanda bari ku da sauri kuma ba tare da wani asarar duk da haka bukatan a haɗa jirgin kayan aiki, idan shi zai ba mai kyau magabatansu.

Duk da haka, ya zuwa yanzu da farko wajen lalata hari a ƙasa ne kawai guda da muka ambata a sama GPS bama-bamai, wanda ya dace ne high, amma kawai a lokacin da yin aiki tare da tukwãne abubuwa. A general, wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa "Raptors" ya dauki wani rabo a cikin US soja a Afghanistan ne guda. Wane ne wanda yake zuwa a kan kama GPS? Sabõda haka, kuma domin wannan dalilin cewa Amirkawa dauke da makamai har yanzu tsaya da haihuwa F-16, da wani isasshen maye wanda yana ba.

Kullum, a cikin ra'ayi na yaki a Iraki, inda sojojin Amurka ya gana da fiye ko žasa tsanani abokin gaba wanda yake da jirgin sama, rokeka daya kawai ƙarshe: da amfani da F-22 don yaki da kasashen Duniya ta Uku - siffantãwa maganar banza. Watch jirgin na jirgin sama ne kusan fiye da kamar wata tsohuwar F-15, wanda nasarar yin wannan ayyuka.

matukin rai goyon bayan tsarin

Yana iya ze cewa Amurka Air Force samu cikin mota, wanda shi ne mai sa na fasaha absurdities. A ka'ida, dalilin wannan ra'ayi ne, amma a zahiri, wannan dabara kunshi yawa m fasahar. Wannan kawai su ne don haka "raw", da cewa duk da abũbuwan amfãni ba su - kome a fuskar matsalolin da suka halitta. New abubuwa ne hadaddun, tsada da kuma capricious a debugging. Daya daga cikin mafi hankula misali ne na musamman kwat da wando matukin rai goyon bayan. A gaskiya, wannan "kwat da wando" a ganewar da kusan ta fi gaban spacesuit.

A tsarin ne don haka zato cewa shi yana aiki ta amfani da nisa mafi raunin kwamfuta. Idan ta gaza, akwai wani zaɓi na manual sharuddan sauyawa zuwa manual iko (yanzu da canji ne ta atomatik). Amma riga a cikin farko gwajin a fama raka'a matukan jirgi Kocin aka samun dama rahotanni daga matukan jirgi tare da buƙatun dashi su c Lockheed Boeing F-22 Raptor zuwa wani abu mafi dace. Gaskiyar cewa mashiga ruwa da kanti na horar da karfi obalodi dukkan matukan jirgi samu m anoxia, a kan gab da rufe da mãgãgi. Sai sojoji bureaucrats bai hašawa da wani muhimmancin gunaguni. Wannan kawai a 2010, da zarar matukin jirgin ya "rauni" da kuma kawai ya rushe a derivation na "Raptor" na lanƙwasa. A sakamakon haka, da mota ta fadi, da wani mutum da aka kashe.

Yana baya fito da cewa tsarin jinni da kuma sallama iska a cikin matukin jirgi ya kwat da wando talauci ci gaba. More daidai, "Khimich" bawul: saboda ta iska lokaci zuwa ba yadda ya kamata zub da jini rashin aiki, tare da sakamakon cewa mutane suna kawai matse haddi matsa lamba. Kuma obalodi ya da karfi da cewa har ma da matsa huhu Alveoli. A sakamakon haka, ɗari da hamsin da motoci da suke a wancan lokaci a cikin sahu, da gaggawa sake ba. Fiye da shekara "Raptor" da aka tsananin haramta hawa fiye da dubu biyar mita (tare da wani rufi na 20 miliyan).

darussan da aka koya

An yi imani da cewa zuwa ranar, da mota alama da za a kawo a karshe yanayin. Amma tambaya ya zauna bude - abin da zai ciyar sosai kudi a kan ci gaban wannan jirgin sama. Hypothetically cikakken jirgin saman soja iya maye gurbinsu da jirgin sama tsara 4 ++, kuma da kai hari a kan Pentagon da damar kada ka yi kokarin tuna sake.

Duk da haka, ya kamata mu ba ruɗin kanmu: da m darasi Amirkawa koya ya ba dadi ba. Lokacin da F-35 zane, maneuverability yanke shawarar ya yi hadaya a cikin ni'imar stealth. A abokin ciniki sa'an nan ya yanke shawarar cewa, irin wannan manufa yi halaye ne ba haka ba makawa ga high yi RF siginar watsawa. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci da Amurkawa zo da wasu rake, amma tambaya yanzu shi ne ba game da cewa ... A ƙarshe, ina so in ce cewa a yanzu a cika gwada mu PAK-FA. Mafi m, mu zanen kaya sun iya la'akari da mummunan kwarewa na kasashen waje da takwarorinsu da kuma da kamar wuya a maimaita su kuskure.

Ya kamata a jaddada cewa, duk da dukan da shortcomings, da jirgin saman soja F-22 "Raptor" - watakila kawai Yammacin jirgin sama, iya yi cikin shahararrun 'gamsheka Pugachev ". Kuma wannan shi ne da mummunar alama, na nuna babban maneuverability na inji, wanda shi ne haƙĩƙa iya gasa a kan daidaita tare da mu Su-37 da kuma daga baya model.

Basic bayani dalla-dalla

• Total airframe tsawon - 18.9 m.
• Cikakken iyakar hukuma tsawo - 5,09 m.
• A total wingspan - 13,56 m.
• Gross surface yankin da reshe - 78,04 m.
• Weight unloaded jirgin sama - 19 zuwa 700 kg.
• Iyakance takeoff nauyi - 38000 kg.
• Area watsawa - 0.3-0.4 sq. m.
• Tura Rod injuna - 2 x 15.876 kgf.
• Matsakaicin samuwa gudun - 2700 km / h.
• Gudun a cikin al'ada mode, ba tare da afterburner - 2410 km / h.
• A iyakar halatta gudun a teku matakin - 1490 km / h.
• A radius na fama amfani - 760 km.
• Matsakaicin achievable tsawo - 20,000 mita.
• Obalodi a lokacin hanzari - 9 g.
• Babban makamai na F-22 "Raptor" - 20-mm m gun, takwas da makamai masu linzami "iska-to-air" ko shida "smart" ragargaza, ko a hade daga gare ta.

Commissioning ya faru a shekarar 2005. Total samar 187 da jirgin sama. Rasa biyar mayakan.

A ƙarshe, ina so in jaddada sake cewa "Raptor" - misali mai kyau na korau PR cewa sun fi mayar da yada da wannan US soja. Eh, da jirgin sama mai yawa da matsaloli na tattalin arziki da shirin, domin wanda Pentagon hankali kullum ba zai iya biya. Amma daga wani fasaha ra'ayi, da mota da aka sosai mai kyau. The kawai real drawback - da rashin mafi Multi-tasking.

Ground hari jirgin saman soja F-22 "Raptor" aikin kusan iya ba, da tasiri na uku ko hudu da bama-bamai a fili kaɗan. Amma jirgin sama ne mai kyau ga tabbatar, ko idan a yi wannan ba a tabbatar cikin sharuddan mu'amala da abokan gaba mayakan.

Af, mu T-50 kuma yana da kawai rufaffiyar ciki makamai bay, da kuma bayanai game da kasancewar wani waje jiki kit ba ... Saboda haka mu da kuma Amurka biyar tsara jirgin saman soja ne a fili kama da juna. Ana fatan cewa fama gwajin na da damar ba za a za'ayi. Bugu da kari, tare da duk ƙuntatawa na fasaha "Raptor" ya kamata mu manta da cewa a cikin zamani iska fama zaki ya share na nasara - da amfani da zamani makamai masu linzami. Kuma tare da su, da Amirkawa duk dama.

A karshe, wata babbar shirye-shirye ga F-22 da kuma F-35 (ga Amurka, ba shakka) - Movement kimiyya da gudu gaba daya sabon fasaha. Domestic Su-47 "Berkut" halitta da kuma gudu a tare da wannan a raga.