Computer Charles Babbage. Biography, ra'ayoyi da kuma qirqire-qirqire na Charles Babbage

Charlz Bebbidzh - English lissafi da kuma kirkiro, wanda ya tsara na farko atomatik dijital kwamfuta. Bugu da kari, ya taimaka aka kafa, na zamani Turanci akwatin gidan tsarin da kuma shi ne na farko a dogara da actuarial Tables, ƙirƙira wani irin injin gwada sauri da kuma Railway puteochistitel.

Biography of Charles Babbage

An haife shi a birnin London a kan Disamba 26, 1791 a banki ta abokin iyali Praeds Benjamin Babbage, mai Bitton Estate a Teignmouth da Betsi Plamli irin. A 1808 da iyali yanke shawarar komawa Old Road House, dake a Gabas Teignmouth, kuma mahaifinsa shi ne m na St. Michael makwabta coci.

Uba Charles wani mai-arziki mutum, don haka ya iya koya 'yan Elite makarantu. A shekaru 8 da haihuwa ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyen makaranta warke daga wani hatsari cutar. Mahaifansa biyu yanke shawarar cewa yaro ta kwakwalwa, "ya kamata ba dole iri ma." A cewar Babbage, "wannan babban idleness iya kai ga wasu daga cikin yara tattaunawa."

Ya nan sai ya shiga makarantar King Edward VI a Totnes, ta Kudu Devon, a habaka m makaranta, wanda aiki a wannan rana, amma Jihar kiwon lafiya a lokacin da tilasta Charles juya zuwa masu zaman kansu tutors. A karshe ya samu zuwa rufe Academy 30 dalibai, karkashin jagorancin Reverend Stiven Friman. A ma'aikata yana da wani m library, wanda Babbage amfani for kai-binciken ilimin lissafi da kuma koya wa son shi. Bayan barin Academy, ya yi biyu sirri shawarta. Daya daga cikinsu shi malamin na Cambridge, a kan wanda koyarwar Charles ce kamar haka: "Ni ji tsoro cewa na ba koyi dukan abũbuwan amfãni da zai iya samu." A wasu kasance wani farfesa a Oxford. Ya sanar da litattafansu na Charles Babbage, dõmin ya a karɓa wa Cambridge.

Karatu a Jami'ar

A watan Oktoba 1810, Babbage zo a Cambridge da kuma sa suna a Trinity College. Ya yi wani kyakkyawan ilimi - Lagrange san Leibniz, Lacroix, Simpson da aka tsanani taka rawar gani samuwa ilmin lissafi shirye-shirye. Saboda haka, ya kuma John Herschel, George Tsuntsun Makka, da kuma sauran abokai yanke shawarar samar da hikimar Society.

A lokacin da a 1812 Babbage canjawa wuri zuwa Peter House Cambridge, ya kasance mafi kyau lissafi. amma bai kammala karatu tare da karrama. Yan mataki ya samu daga baya, ko da ba tare da wucewa jarrabawa a 1814.

A 1814 Charlz Bebbidzh aure Georgiana Whitmore. Mahaifinsa, ga abin da dalilai, ba sanya albarka a cikinta. The iyali zauna cikin aminci a London, a Devonshire Street, 5. uku kawai daga cikin 'ya'ya takwas, tsira ga ƙarfinsa.

Uba Charles, da matarsa da daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa ya mutu takaici, a 1827.

kwamfuta aikin

A cikin kwanaki na Charles Babbage a cikin lissafi na ilmin lissafi alluna sau da yawa muka yi kuskure, sai ya yanke shawarar sami wani sabon Hanyar cewa zai yi shi mechanically, kawar da mutum kuskure. A ra'ayin da aka haife shi a shi da sosai farkon, a 1812.

Uku daban-daban dalilai rinjayi yarda da irin wannan hukunci:

• bai so rashin kula da inaccuracy.
• shi ne sauki logarithmic alluna.
• Mu da aka yi wahayi zuwa da data kasance aiki a kan kirga inji W. Schickard, B. Pascal da Leibniz.

Ka'idodi na lissafi na'ura, ya tattauna a cikin wata wasika zuwa Sir H. Davy a farkon 1822.

bambancin engine

Babbage gabatar da abin da ya kira da "bambanci engine", Royal astronomical Society Yuni 14, 1822 a wata takarda mai suna "Notes a kan yin amfani da na'ura ƙidãyar astronomical da kuma ilmin lissafi Tables." Ya iya lissafta polynomials amfani da wani lamba Hanyar kira bambanci.

Society amince da ra'ayin, da kuma a 1823 da gwamnatin bã shi £ 1,500 a ta gini. Babbage sanya a daya daga cikin dakunan da gidansa bita da kuma hayar Dzhozefa Klementa don kula da shiri na na'urar. Kowanne sashi da za a yi da hannu tare da taimakon kayayyakin aiki, musamman, da yawa daga abin da ya ci gaba. Charles sanya da yawa daga tafiye-tafiye zuwa masana'antu Enterprises ga mafi alhẽri fahimta da samar da matakai. Bisa ga wadannan tafiye-tafiye da sirri gwaninta a samar da inji a 1832 Babbage buga takarda "A cikin tattalin arzikin na kayan da samar." Ya na farko littafin na abin da aka kira a yau "kimiyya kungiyar na samar da abinci."

Sirri bala'i da wani tafiya zuwa Turai

matar Georgiana ta mutuwa, mahaifin Charles Babbage da ya matasa dan katse yi a 1827. Jobs karfi da nauyin da shi, kuma ya kasance a kan gab da rugujewa. Dzhon Gershel kuma da dama wasu abokai gamsu Babbage yi tafiya zuwa Turai zuwa warke. Ya yi tafiya a cikin Netherlands, Belgium, Jamus, Italiya, ziyartar jami'o'i da kuma masana'antu.

A Italiya, da ya koyi cewa ya aka nada Lucasian Farfesa na ilimin lissafi a jami'ar Cambridge. Da farko, ya so ya ba up, amma abokai rinjayi shi in ba haka ba. A ya koma Ingila a 1828 ya koma Dorset Street, 1.

komawarsu

A lokacin da babu Babbage ta Sauyi Engine aikin ya zo karkashin wuta. Jita-jita cewa ya kuka da kansa gwamnatin kudi cewa inji ba ya aiki da kuma cewa zai yi wani m sakamako idan shi da aka yi. Dzhon Gershel da Royal Society ya fito fili ya kare da aikin. Gwamnati na ci gaba da nuna goyon baya da bada £ 1,500 Afrilu 29, 1829, 3,000 fam na Disamba 3, da kuma guda 24 Fabrairu, 1830. Aiki da aka ci gaba, amma Babbage kullum da damuwa da samun kudi daga baitulmalin Haikali.

Barin na aikin

Financial matsaloli na Charles Babbage ya zo daidai da ƙarin tsanani na rashin jituwa tare da haquri. Babbage domin su gida gina wani biyu-storey, 15 mita-dogon bitar. Ta yi gilashin rufin lighting, kazalika da fireproof tsabta dakin ajiya na na'ura. Clement ki motsa a cikin sabon shagon da nema kudi don tafiya a kusa da birnin don kula da aikin. A mayar da martani Babbage gayyace shi zuwa sama biyan bashin kai tsaye daga baitul. Clement ƙi, kuma ya dakatar da aikin a kan aikin.

Haka kuma, ya ƙi mika zane da kayayyakin amfani ga Ya halitta Sauyi Engine. Bayan zuba jari £ 23,000, ciki har da £ 6,000 ãdalci Babbage, aikin a kan wanda ba a kare na'urar daina a 1834. A 1842, gwamnatin hukumance yi watsi da aikin.

Charlz Bebbidzh da hikimar Engine

Nisa daga kirkiro na Sauyi Engine na fara tunanin ta inganta form. Tsakanin 1833 da 1842, Charles aka ƙoƙarin gina wani na'ura da za a iya kaddara, don samar da wani lissafi, ba kawai game da polynomial lissafai. A farko nasara zo a lokacin da ya miƙa ka da fitarwa na na'ura a ta shigar da kara mafita daga lissafai. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin inji cewa "ci da kansa wutsiya." Bai dauki dogon don gane da babban abubuwa na hikimar tantance engine.

Charles Babbage kwamfuta shiga data da kuma umarnin game da zama dole lissafin amfani naushi cards, aro daga Jacquard loom. The inji kunshi sassa biyu: niƙa da kuma ajiya. Mill, m ga processor da wani zamani kwamfuta, yin ayyukan a kan data samu daga mangaza, wanda za a iya gani, kamar yadda žwažwalwar ajiya. A da duniya ta farko janar-manufa kwamfuta.

Computer Charles Babbage da aka tsara a 1835. Sikelin da aikin da aka gaske m. Babbage kuma da dama wasu na hannun daman halitta 500 manyan zane-zane zane, 1,000 zanen gado na inji alamomin da kwatancin 7,000 zanen gado. Kammala da niƙa ya 4.6 m high da kuma 1.8 ma diamita. Storage 100 lambobi mika wa 7.6 m. Ga su sabon inji Babbage gina karamin gwajin guda. Cikakken inji aka taba kammala. A 1842, bayan maimaita m yunkurin samu gwamnati kudade, sai ya juya zuwa Sir Robert Kwasfa. Ya ƙi, kuma maimakon ya miƙa shi a Jaruman Nasara. Babbage ƙiya. Ya ci gaba da gyara da kuma inganta zane ga dama shekaru masu zuwa.

Countess na Lovelace

A watan Oktoba 1842 Federiko Luidzhi, Italiyanci janar da kuma lissafi, ya buga wani labarin game da hikimar Engine. Augusta Ada King, Countess na Lovelace, wani madugun aboki na Babbage, fassara da aikin a cikin harshen Turanci. Charles gayyace ta don samar da translation rubutu. Tsakanin 1842 da 1843 biyu tare rubuta bayanin kula 7, jimlar tsawon wanda yake sau uku da ainihin girman da articles. A daya daga cikinsu Jahannama shirya wani tebur na shirin, wanda Babbage halitta zuwa lissafi Bernoulli lambobi. A wani, ta rubuta game da ra'ayin kowa algebraic inji cewa zai iya yi aiki tare da alamomin kazalika da lambobi. Lovelace ne watakila na farko gane manufa daya na Babbage ta na'urorin, da kuma wasu la'akari da shi ya zama a duniya na farko shirye-shiryen kwamfuta. Ta fara aiki a kan littafin, ta kwatanta hikimar tantance engine a more daki-daki, amma ba su da lokacin da za a gama da shi.

injiniya mu'ujiza

Tsakanin Oktoba 1846 da kuma Maris 1849 na Babbage fara zayyana wani bambanci na biyu na na'ura, ta yin amfani da ilmi tsiwirwirinsu, don ƙirƙirar su analysis. Yana da aka yi amfani da kawai 8000 guda, sau uku a kasa fiye da a cikin ta farko. Shi ne mai mu'ujiza na aikin injiniya.

A bambanci ga bincike, wanda ya ke kullum tweaked da modified, na biyu Sauyi Engine bayan kammala na farko ci gaba lokaci mai sãkẽwa ba. A nan gaba, kirkiro yi ƙoƙarin ya gina wani na'urar.

24 daga cikin zane zauna a archives na Museum of Science, har Charles Babbage ideas aka aiwatar a 1985-1991, halittar cikakken-size replica a kan lokaci na da 200th ranar tunawa da haihuwa tasa. Girma na'urar sanya 3.4 m, a tsawon, 2.1 m tsawo da kuma 46 cm a cikin zurfin, kuma da nauyi - 2.6 tons. Daidaito iyaka da aka iyakance zuwa dabi'u cewa za a iya cimma a lokacin.

nasarori

A 1824, Babbage samu lambar zinariya na Royal astronomical Society "domin sabuwar dabara na da na'ura na kirga ilmin lissafi da kuma astronomical Tables".

Daga 1828 zuwa 1839 Babbage ya Lucasian Farfesa na ilimin lissafi a Cambridge. Ya rubuta ga yawan kimiyya periodicals, kuma ya instrumental a cikin halittar astronomical Society a 1820 da kuma na ilimin kididdiga Society a 1834.

A 1837, amsawa ga 8 na aikin Bridgewater rubutun "A ikon, hikima da kuma nagarta na Allah kamar yadda bayyana a cikin halittar", ya buga na tara Bridgewater rubutun sa a gaba da ra'ayin cewa Allah, mallakan da dukkan iko da kuma tanadi, halitta mai bada dokokin Allah, da samar da dokoki ( ko shirye-shirye) wanda sai a dace lokaci halitta jinsunan, game da shi kawar da buƙata na yin wadannan al'ajiban kowane lokaci da ake bukata don ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in. Littafin ya ƙunshi excerpts daga marubucin rubutu tare da John Herschel a kan batun.

Charlz Bebbidzh kuma cimma sananne sakamakon a cryptography. Ya rurrushe cipher inji; kazalika da yawa weaker cipher cewa yanzu da aka sani da Vigenère cipher. Opening Babbage shi aka yi amfani da Birtaniya soja da aka buga kawai 'yan shekaru. A sakamakon haka, na da hakkin ya primacy ya wuce zuwa Frederick Kasiski, wanda ya zo daidai da wancan 'yan shekaru baya.

A 1838 Babbage ƙirƙira puteochistitel, karfe frame cewa ne a haɗe zuwa gaban na locomotive, share cikas daga kan hanya. Ya kuma gudanar da wani yawan karatu da Great Western Railway Isambard Brunel Kingdoma.

Ya kawai sau daya yi kokarin shiga siyasa a lokacin da a 1832 ya dauki bangare a cikin zabe a garin Finsbury. Wadannan wata kuri'a, Babbage dauki na karshe wuri.

Lissafi da kuma kirkiro, ya rasu Oktoba 18, 1871 yana da shekaru 79 da shekaru.

Sassa na ba a kare ba shirye-shirye na kwakwalwa halitta shi ne samuwa to ziyarci Science Museum a London. A shekarar 1991 aka gina shi Sauyi Engine kan ta asali da tsare-tsaren, kuma shi gudana daidai.