Coal na Ukraine. Coal hakar ma'adinai a Ukraine. A ton na ci: Farashin

Coal ne daya daga cikin babban makamashi da albarkatun da Ukraine, wanda za a iya gani a matsayin engine na tattalin arziki a kasar. A halin yanzu jihar na ci masana'antu ne sosai m kuma na bukatar taimaka matakan. A cikin wannan labarin da tsarin da masana'antu, yi magana game da fitarwa da kuma shigo da na Ukrainian kwal, da reserves, kazalika da wani bincike na cikin babban matsaloli data kasance a cikin ƙasa na mahakar.

Coal a matsayin garanti na tattalin arziki 'yancin kai

Ukrainian Coal ne kawai makamashi Madogararsa cewa za ta samar da kasa a isa yawa. Coal masana'antu bautarka babban rabo a cikin tsarin da man fetur da makamashi hadaddun da muhimmanci rinjayar da jihar na tattalin arzikin matsayin dukan. A karuwa a cikin riba na wannan sashe na taimaka wa tattalin arziki na Ukraine. Kuma a lokutan rikice-rikice a cikin makamashi kasuwar yana fama da dukan ci masana'antu da kuma alaka da masana'antu.

The riba na ci masana'antu

Samar a cikin Donets Basin ci yana da babban kudin. Wannan shi ne saboda wani babban zurfin yadudduka da kuma low ikon samun. High halin kaka ne ma ƙananan riba na ci masana'antu. Industry zama mafi riba, tattalin arziki bada shawara neman zarafi don fadada isar da rage ma'adinai adibas a kan hakar halin kaka. A ci masana'antu aka dauke su kudin-tasiri idan kudaden shiga daga ci tallace-tallace wuce da kudin da ba kasa da 16%. Kusan dukkan Donbass mahakar ba hadu da wannan bukata, kuma wasu masana yi imani da ya kamata a rufe.

Coal mahakar a Ukraine

A Ukraine akwai game da 150 mahakar, 90% daga cikinsu suna located a yankin na Donbass. A da karkararta akwai game da 100 aiki mahakar, extracting makamashi da kuma high quality-coking kwal, 14 mahakar da matsayi na zaman kanta a jihar-mallakar kamfanonin, da kuma 28 kwal kamfanoni suna mai zaman mallakar.

Lvov-Volyn tasa bautarka game da 10 dubu sq. Km. A ci reserves a yankin suna kananan, don haka daga 15 aiki mahakar aka shirya za su bar kawai 2. The most adibas na ruwan kasa da kwal ne Ternopil da kuma Zakarpattya yankuna, kazalika a kan ƙasa na Pridneprovsk lignite tasa. A Dnepropetrovsk yankin, akwai biyu kwal kamfanonin: DTEK da Pavlogradugol, zubar da wanda akwai 10 mahakar. Fiye da 40 kwal mahakar located in Lugansk yankin. A cikin 'yan shekaru, saboda da wuya tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a Ukraine, wasu daga nawa sayar da ba su da dogon lokacin da leases zuwa masu zaman kansu mutanen.

Coal reserves a Ukraine

Bisa ga rubuce data, Ukraine yana 33,873 biliyan ton na ci reserves, wanda ya zama 3.9% na duniya reserves. Daga cikin wadannan, 15,351 kai tan biliyan ne Anthracite da bituminous kwal, da sauran - lignite, ko ruwan kasa kwal. Ga kima da kuma bincike gwani Ukraine yana da isasshen reserves ga wadannan 460 shekara.

Mafi yawa daga cikin hannun jari a cikin ƙasa da Donetsk, Pridneprovsk da Lviv-Volyn tasa a wani babba zurfin. Inventories data kasance mahakar asusu domin 6.1 ya kai tan biliyan, na da fiye da rabin da dama a kan Anthracite, da kuma sauran - for coking kwal.

Nau'in na ci mined

A kan ƙasa na Ukraine samar iri uku kwal: lignite, kwal da kuma Anthracite. Brown ya ta'allaka a zurfin 1 km da kuma wakiltar wani halitta samuwar matattu kwayoyin sharan tasowa a karkashin tasiri kaya da kuma dagagge zafin jiki. An halin a gwada low konewa zafin jiki saboda da high danshi abun ciki (game da 40%). Rabin abun da ke ciki samar da maras tabbas abubuwa.

Coal aka dauke su da farko jinsunan burbushin habaka. Its amfani ya sa da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda aka haife ƙarƙashin rinjayar da kwal masana'antu. Coal ya ƙunshi yawa da ruwa kalilan (game da 10%), sakamakon wani babban calorie da kuma high konewa zazzabi. Volatiles samar da 32% na abun da ke ciki, don haka da kwal da aka kunna kyau. Ƙasansu akwai waɗansu inuwõwi na burbushin a zurfin game 3 km. Coal ne mined a Ukraine a mahakar Donetsk da Lugansk yankuna.

Anthracite kwal ne mafi kyau sa. Ya hada kusan gaba ɗaya na carbon. Anthracite ne halin high calorific darajar da kuma high lantarki watsin. Amma saboda abun da ke ciki, shi ne talauci flammable. Wannan irin ci ne a zurfin 6 km. M Anthracite adibas suna located in dutsen jeri ko wasu wuraren da cewa an hõre karfi ƙungiyoyi na duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Cost na ci a Ukraine

Amma, farashin kwal da aka kafa shan la'akari da wadannan dalilai:

• halitta - yanayin damina a yankin, da matsayi na filin, da fasaha halaye na gida ci kabu kauri da kuma zurfin da sauran ma'aunan kasa yanayi;
• samar - abu tushe na karafa kamfanoni, musamman kayan aiki da kuma fasahar.

Saboda haka, masana sa ran da sauran kudin da kuma bincika ingancin albarkatun ma'adinai, domin sanin nawa koda halin kaka mai ton na ci. Farashin kowane irin dutse ne muhimmanci daban-daban. A mafi tsada irin ne Anthracite. Its kudin ne a kan talakawan daga 2000 zuwa 2500 UAH. / T. A mafi arha ne da launin ruwan kasa kwal (game da 1000 UAH. / T) a cikin burbushin man fetur kasuwar.

Ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa kudin na burbushin habaka ne ma dogara a kan su sa da kuma aji. Saboda haka, yana da wuya a ce domin tabbatar nawa koda halin kaka mai ton na ci. A farashin da irin yau ne free kuma aka shigar kai tsaye Mining kamfanoni.

Aikawa kuma shigo da Ukrainian kwal

Ukrainian masana'antu na amfani da kwal don ikon tsara da kuma matsayin albarkatun kasa a karfe masana'antu. Amma thermal kwal - Anthracite, kasarsa na da fiye da kima. Saboda haka, irin wannan dutse shi ne game da 70% na ci samar a Ukraine (sau da yawa fitar dashi zuwa wasu kasashen). A wannan yanayin, akwai babban karancin coking kwal.

Saboda haka, Ukraine ta ci kosad da sakamakon bukatun cikin gida ta 60%. The uku ɓangare na jihar na coking ci shigo da daga Rasha, da Amurka, Kazakhstan da kuma sauran ƙasashe. Kusan daukacin girma na cirewa Anthracite cinye makamashi kamfanin a Ukraine. Wuce haddi adadin m rock kasa fitar da kaya zuwa Bulgaria, Poland, Turkey da kuma Iran. Shigar da Turai kasuwar tare da babban kundin na da wuya saboda kasancewar manyan reserves of high quality ci a Poland da Jamus. Har ila yau, akan rage fitarwa ba a muhimmanci shafi ci gaban a Turai bayar da Amurka m albarkatun. Saboda haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da bukatar ci a Ukraine rage by 20%.

Matsaloli na ci masana'antu

A ci masana'antu na Ukraine na dogon lokaci shi ne a rikicin. A cewar hukumomi, fiye da 70% na gyarawa dukiya da masana'antu ne bukatar sabunta bayanan da kuma gyara. Fiye da shekaru 30 na ci gaba da yin amfani, su ne muhimmanci sawa da kuma bukatar canji. Duk da m fasaha ci gaba, a manyan yawan mahakar har yanzu amfani da mafi yawa manual aiki.

Yanayin talauci babban birnin nuna a kan ci quality. Lokacin amfani tsofaffin kayan aiki mined dutse mafi zolistye. Kamar yadda bad da kuma m fasaha tushe muhimmanci shafi yawan aiki na aiki, kara darajar cirewa dutse.

Coal hakar ma'adinai a Ukraine na bukatar ƙarin kudade. Babban kafofin zuba jari a cikin kwal masana'antu na kasar ne a jihar kasafin kudin da kansa ciki wajen samar Enterprises. Ga ci gaban da wannan bangare na tattalin arzikin bukatar babba babban birnin kasar. Kuma domin jawo hankalin zuba jari daga waje, kana bukatar ka ƙirƙiri wani m yanayi domin kasuwanci.

Bugu da kari, da kwal masana'antu na Ukraine na da mafi mace-mace kudi da kuma matakin da hatsarori a wurin aiki. Duk da dukan ayyuka na gwamnatin, da kwal masana'antu ne mai hatsari bangare na tattalin arzikin da kiwon lafiya na ma'aikata. Bisa kididdigar da, a cikin hakar kwal miliyan daya sun rasa rayukansu wani talakawan na biyu hakar gwal.

An muhimmanci matsala Ukrainian Carbs masana'antu ne babban adadin kwal nawa methane da kima. A jihar ne a saman kasashe biyar cikin sharuddan watsi (wanda asusu na 80% na aiki mahakar). Masana suna rayayye tasowa ayyukan domin ta yin amfani, amma ya zuwa yanzu sun gudanar ya halicci cikin yanayi na aiki da kawai 1/10 daga cikin jimlar da kima.

Very mummunan tasiri a kan ci gaban kwal hakar ma'adinai Sphere da tasiri unregulated jinsunan. Part wannan samarwa ne 10% na jimlar makamashi na ci hakar ma'adinai.

Hanyoyi don inganta ci masana'antu

Don warware matsalolin aka bayyana a sama wajibi ne a gudanar da wani zangon matakan da nufin a modernization, maimaitawa da ingantawa da ci hakar ma'adinai. Irin shirye-shirye sun riga an aiwatar a wasu mahakar da kuma haifar da wata karuwa a cikin riba da ake gudanar.

Har ila yau, ya kamata gwamnati ta karfafa samar da makamashi da manufofin da yin shi da wasu sabawa. Don cimma wadannan manufofi, masana sun halicci wani ci gaban dabarun da muhimmanci sassa na tattalin arziki da kuma aiki a kan ayyukan da manyan sikelin-makamashi tanadi.

Saboda haka da cewa ci daga Ukraine ya gasa a kasuwanni waje da kuma samar da cikakken sakamakon bukatun cikin gida, ya kamata gwamnati ta yi aiki a biyu key yankunan: na zamani da masana'antu da kuma dauke da fitar da manufofin sauye-sauye, shan la'akari da halin yanzu yanayi na ci gaban tattalin arziki.

masana'antu Outlook

Ko da yake Ukraine yanzu fuskantar wani m siyasa da tattalin arziki da rikicin, da kuma wasu mahakar dakatar aiki, da kwal masana'antu na kasar yana da muhimmanci al'amurra. Ganin yadda yawa ci ya zauna a cikin Ukraine, da samar da zai iya zama a nan gaba wani muhimmin dabarun tattalin arziki na kasar.

Shan la'akari da nufi na ci gaba da ci masana'antu a wasu kasashe da kuma babban birnin tsanani na samar da nasu jinsin, a cikin zamani sau Ukraine ne mafi riba saya kwal kasashen waje. Idan kasar a nan gaba za su magance manyan al'amurran da suka shafi na Sphere, sa'an nan da masana'antu za su fara girma sosai da sauri, kuma su iya kawo tattalin arziki zuwa wani sabon matakin.