Mina tẽku (photo)

Mina teku ne kai dauke fashewar na'urar sanya a cikin ruwa domin su lalata ko halakar da hulls jiragen ruwa, submarines, ferries, kama kifi boats da kuma sauran jirgin. Ba kamar zurfin zargin mahakar ne a "barci" jiha har lamba tare da jirgin ruwa broadside. Sojan Ruwa mahakar za a iya amfani da aikace-aikace na kai tsaye lalacewar da abokan gaba da kuma zuwa impede da motsi a cikin dabarun kwatance. A dokar kasa da kasa, gudanar da nawa yaƙi dokoki kafa 8th 1907 Hague Yarjejeniyar.

rarrabuwa

Sea mahakar suna classified bisa ga wadannan sharudda:

• A irin cajin - na yau da kullum, musamman (nukiliya).
• Degree na selectivity - da saba (ga wani dalili), zaben (gane da halaye na jirgin ruwa).
• Manageability - kore (ta waya, Ft Irfan, rediyo), unguided.
• Multiplicities - mahara (qaddara yawan dalilai), wadanda ba mahara.
• Type fis - maras lamba (inductive, hydrodynamic, Ft Irfan, Magnetic), lamba (eriya, lantarki &) a hade.
• Irin kafuwa - abin da ya ƙunsa. (Torpedo), pop, iyo, kasa, anga.

Ha} ar Ma'adinai da ake kullum taso keya ko m siffar (tare da banda m-torpedoes) Girma daga rabin mita to 6 mita (ko fiye) a diamita. Anga halin da lura har zuwa 350 kg, kasa - har zuwa wani ton.

tarihi bayanai

Domin da farko lokacin da teku mahakar an yi amfani da Sin a cikin 14th karni. Design su kasance quite sauki: ruwan da aka tarred ganga na gunpowder, wanda ya jagoranci wani lagwani cewa yana goyan bayan a farfajiya na taso kan ruwa. Da ake bukata domin amfani a daidai lokacin ya sa wuta ga lagwani. Yin amfani da wannan Tsarin aka samu riga a cikin treatises na 16th karni a wannan kasar Sin, amma a matsayin blaster amfani da karin fasaha flintlock inji. Inganta mahakar amfani da Japan fashi.

A Turai, na farko na sojan ruwa nawa aka ɓullo da a 1574 ta Banasare Ralph Rabbardsom. A karni daga baya, da Dutchman Cornelis Drebbel, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Ordnance Department a Ingila, ya miƙa zuwa tsara m "iyo crackers."

American ci gaba

A hakika karaya tsarin da aka tsara a Amurka a lokacin yakin na Independence da David Bushnell (1777). A da wannan foda keg, amma sanye take da wani inji to fashe a wani karo da jirgin ta ƙwanso.

A tsakiyar yakin basasa (1861) a Amurka da Alfred Vaud ƙirƙira biyu-hulled iyo teku nawa. Name don zaɓar dace da mata - "infernal inji". A m abu housed a wani karfe Silinda, located a karkashin ruwa, wanda aka kiyaye iyo a farfajiya na wani katako, ganga, a lokaci guda aiki a matsayin wata taso kan ruwa da kuma wani detonator.

m aukuwa

Domin da farko lokacin da wani lantarki fis ga "infernal inji" ƙirƙira da Rasha m Paul Schilling a 1812. A lokacin m kewaye da Kronstadt, Anglo-Faransa jiragen ruwa (1854) a cikin Crimean War girma tabbatar sojan ruwa nawa zane Jacobi da Nobel. Da goma sha biyar da ɗari fallasa "infernal inji" ba kawai pinned saukar da motsi na da makiya jiragen ruwa, amma suna da uku da manyan Birtaniya steamship aka ma lalace.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel mallaka muhimmi buoyancy (ta hanyar iska da bẽnãye) da kuma ba da ake bukata a cikin floats. Wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a shigar da shi a asirce a cikin ruwa, rataye a kan sarƙoƙi, ko kuma ya bar ta kwarara.

Daga baya, rayayye amfani spheroconical iyo tawa, da aka gudanar a da ake so zurfin da wani kananan unobtrusive alama ko anga. An farko amfani a cikin Rasha-Turkish yaki (1877-1878 gg.) Kuma ya tsaya a kan jiragen ruwa dauke da makamai da kara inganta to shekarun 1960s.

anga nawa

Yana da aka gudanar a da ake buƙata zurfin anga karshen - igiya. Pritaplivanie farko samfurori samar da manual gyara na wani na USB tsawon, wanda ake bukata lokaci mai tsawo. Lieutenant Azarov samarwa zane ba ka damar ta atomatik shigar teku mahakar.

Da na'urar da aka sanye take da wani tsarin da gubar kaya da kuma dakatar da sama da kayan da anka. A anga line aka rauni uwa da drum. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da kaya da kuma anga drum da aka saki daga birki, da kuma karshen da aka unwound daga drum. Lokacin da kaya kai kasa, da karfi ja ƙarshen rage da drum marufi, inda da "infernal inji" sunk zuwa zurfin m zuwa nesa daga kaya da anga.

A farkon karni na XX

Massively teku mahakar an yi amfani a karni na ashirin. A lokacin Boxer tawaye a kasar Sin (1899-1901 gg.) Mallaka sojojin mined da kogin Hayfe, rufe hanyar zuwa Beijing. A farko nawa yaƙi fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa Rasha-Japanese adawa a 1905, a lokacin da bangarorin biyu suna rayayye ta yin amfani da salla-productions shinge da kuma cimma gaci na minefields amfani da masunta.

Wannan kwarewa da aka replicated na, a duniya. Jamus sojan ruwa mahakar hana saukowa daga Birtaniya sojoji da kuma impeded da ayyuka na Rasha jiragen ruwa. Submarines mined cinikayya hanyoyi, bays da straits. A masõya ba su kasance a cikin bashi, kusan yankan kashe Jamus daga Arewa Sea jimloli (wannan ya dauki 70 000 min). A total number of amfani da "infernal inji" da masana da aka kiyasta a 235.000 raka'a.

Sea mahakar na yakin duniya na biyu

A lokacin yakin a cikin sojan ruwa sinimomi na tashin kusa da miliyan daya mahakar an tsĩrar, ciki har da ruwan Tarayyar Soviet - fiye da 160 000. Jamus da aka kafa kida na mutuwa a cikin tekuna, da tabkuna, da waɗansu kõguna, kankara a cikin Kara Sea da kuma ƙananan kai na da Likitan mata River. Mãsu bãyar da bãya, maƙiyi mined tashar jiragen ruwa berths, hare-hare, da tashar jiragen ruwa. Musamman m ya mine yaƙi a cikin Baltic Sea, inda Jamus kawai a Gulf na Finland da aka tsĩrar fiye da 70 000 guda.

A sakamakon nawa fashewar nutse game da 8,000, daga jirgi da tasoshin. Bugu da kari, dubban jiragen ruwa suka mai tsanani lalace. A Turai ruwa ne riga a cikin postwar lokaci a cikin tẽku mahakar aka nike tashi 558 jiragen ruwa, 290 na wanda aka sunk. A rana ta farko na yaki a cikin Baltic cikin ƙaho hallakarwa "fushi" da jirgin ruwa na soja "Maxim Gorky".

Jamus mahakar

Jamus injiniyoyi a farkon yakin da kawayenta aka mamakin da sabon high-iya aiki iri mahakar tare da Magnetic fis. Mina teku busa ba daga contact. A jirgin ya isa ya yi iyo kusa isa ga m cajin. Its buga kalaman isa ya halaka jirgin. Lalace jiragen ruwa da ya katse manufa da kuma koma don gyara.

Disproportionately shafi Turanci jiragen ruwa. Churchill da kaina sanya mafi girma fifiko ne wajen samar da irin wannan tsarin, da kuma samun tasiri wajen share mahakar, amma Birtaniya masana sami ikon fallasa sirrin fasahar. Yana zo game da hatsari. Daya kika aika da Jamusanci jirgin sama minti makale a cikin jihar bakin teku laka. Sai ya juya daga cewa fashewar inji kasance m hadaddun kuma bisa Magnetic filin na Duniya. Bincike ya taimaka wajen haifar da tasiri minesweepers.

Soviet mahakar

Soviet sojan ruwa mahakar kasance ba haka ba technologically m, amma ba kasa tasiri. Yafi amfani da model CB "kaguwa" da kuma AG. "Kaguwa" an anga nawa. CB-1 a ranar makamai soma a 1931, a 1940 - kyautata KB-3. Tsara don taro minefields, duk a cikin zubar da rundunar zuwa farkon yakin akwai game da 8,000 raka'a. Da tsawon mita 2 da kuma wani nauyi na sama da 230 ton naúrar riqe kg nakiyoyi.

Mina eriya mai zurfi (AG) aka yi amfani da ambaliya submarines da kuma jiragen ruwa, kazalika da na kewayawa wahala da makiya jiragen ruwa. A gaskiya shi ne mai gyara na CB da na'urorin eriya. Lokacin da fama ɓacẽwa a cikin seawater tsakanin biyu jan antennas baje lantarki m. A lokacin da ka taba da eriya casing na submarine ko ship da m balance zai lalace, haddasa ƙulli daga lantarki kewaye fis. Daya mine "sarrafawa" 60 mita sarari. Janar halaye dace da CB model. Daga baya jan eriya (bukata 30 kg daraja karfe) aka maye gurbinsu da karfe, samfurin nadi AGSB samu. 'Yan mutane san abin da sunan teku nawa model AGSB: Eriya mai zurfi karfe antennas da kuma kayan aiki, taru a cikin wani aure naúrar.

mine yarda

Bayan shekaru 70 na sojan ruwa mahakar na duniya na biyu har yanzu barazana ga zaman lafiya Company. Manyan yawan su ne har yanzu wani wuri a cikin zurfin na Baltic Sea. Har shekara ta 1945, kawai 7% na mahakar aka defused, da kuma sauran dauki shekaru goma m aiki na demining.

Babban nauyin da gwagwarmaya tare da nawa sa a kan ma'aikata-jirãge minesweepers a postwar shekaru. Kawai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet shi da hannu game da 2,000 masunta kuma har zuwa 100 000 mutane na ma'aikata. A matakin na hadarin da aka musamman high saboda kullum adawa dalilai:

• unknown iyakokin minefields.
• daban-daban shigarwa zurfin min.
• rubuta min (anga, eriya, da tarkuna, kasa noncontact da na'urorin gaggawa da multiplicity).
• zai yiwu tsage unexploded mahakar.

trawling fasahar

Trawling Hanyar ya da nisa daga m da kuma kawo hadari. A hadarin cikin ƙaho up ta mahakar, jirãge tafi, ta hanyar wani fili mai bom da kuma ja a kan wani trawl. Saboda haka da akai danniya yanayin mutane daga jiran m fashewa.

Trawl undercut da surfaced mine (idan aka ba fashe a karkashin jirgin ko a cikin trawl) dole ne a hallaka. A m teku attaching da ansu kafofin tarwatsa zama majiɓinci. Haifar da mahakar mafi aminci kisan sojan ruwa da bindigogi, kamar yadda akwai sau da yawa wani harsashi soke harsashi nawa ba tare da taba da fis. Unexploded soja nawa sa a ƙasa, wakiltar wani sabon, ba amenable don kawar da hadari.

ƙarshe

Sojan Ruwa nawa, wani photo cewa wahayi tsoro daya kawai view ne har yanzu karaya, mutuwa, da cheap makamai. Na'urorin sun zama mafi "na fasaha" da kuma karin iko. Akwai aukuwa tare da kafa nukiliya cajin. Bugu da kari a wadannan jinsunan, akwai towed, Shestov, propelling, kai-propelled da sauran "infernal inji."