Chloroform - abin da yake da shi? Shiri kuma aikace-aikace mataki na chloroform

A samu na da yawa sunadarai ba m da haɗari, a lokacin kira, ko nazarin da kaddarorin wani abu. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin bazata gano abu zama da muhimmanci sosai, suna amfani ba kawai a cikin sunadarai, amma kuma magani, masana'antu da kuma sauran filayen. Just a lokacin da wadanda abubuwa da suka shafi chloroform, wanda za a tattauna kara.

sunan

The sunan abu yana da dama iri. A gaskiya, kamar duk hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, yana ɗã'a ga dokokin da na kowa nomenclature kwayoyin maras muhimmanci sunayen da take, dangane da abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, to da chloroform akwai da dama iri na sunan:

• carbon trichloride.
• chloroform.
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: abin da yake da shi? Za ka iya gaya daga muƙamin fili, da kuma iya la'akari da lissafi tsarin mai kwayoyin.

kwayoyin tsarin

chloroform kwayoyin kunshi uku sunadaran chlorine da daya hydrogen zarra, kowane zarra an haɗa da tsakiyar carbon. Da gaske, trichloromethane kwayoyin - wani samfurin m canzawa na hydrogen atoms da chlorine kwayoyin halitta a cikin methane kwayoyin lokacin da fallasa wasu yanayi.

A wannan yanayin, duk na C-CL gaba daya daidai, karfi da iyakacin duniya. C-H shaidu idan aka kwatanta da sauran shaidu bayyana a cikin kwayoyin zama ma fi rabuwa zama musamman m. Saboda haka, a cikin ci gaba da aiki na da kwayoyin P-H bond an sauƙi a yayyage, da hydrogen da aka maye gurbinsu da wasu kwayoyin halitta (msl, chlorine, ma, tare da samuwar carbon tetrachloride).

Ka yi la'akari da yadda ya dubi chloroform. Da dabara ne: CHCL _3. A tsarin dabara na da wadannan nau'i:

Dukansu Tsarin wakiltar wani sinadaran abu da daukawa chloroform. Da dabara ya nuna cewa kwayoyin ne barga da kuma amsa tsananin yanayi dole ne a yi amfani.

jiki Properties

Jiki Properties za a iya halin kamar haka: trichloromethane:

1. Karkashin al'ada yanayi (dakin da zazzabi, al'ada yanayi matsa lamba na 100 kPa, zafi ba fi 80%) daga cikin abu ne da karfi odorous ruwa da ciwon ba launi. Wari na chloroform kaifi isasshen nauyi, Yanã rufe, kamar wari da ether. A dandano na zaki kaya, amma ba za ka iya kokarin da shi, saboda shi ne musamman mai guba.
2. The ruwa insoluble, iya rushe kawai a cikin daban-daban na Organic solvents. Tun da ruwa kuma iya samar da wata low-natsuwa (0.23%) bayani.
3. Tafasar batu na wannan fili ne m fiye da na ruwa ne game da 62 ⁰ C.
4. Narkewa batu sharply korau, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. Chloroform yawa mafi girma daga da yawa daga ruwa kuma nawa zuwa 1,483 g / cm ^3.
6. Strong pronounced mai guba yanayin da abu a kan effects a kan kwayoyin, tana nufin wani rukuni na narcotic mahadi.

Lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa trehloristy carbon iya kafa azeotropic garwayayye. A wannan chloroform bayani ne 97,5% kuma kawai 2.5% ruwa. Tafasar batu na bayani ne rage idan aka kwatanta da cewa na tsarki trichloromethane kuma shi ne 52 ⁰ C.

sinadaran Properties

Kamar dukan magni methane, chloroform nuna babu reactivity. Saboda haka, akwai kananan dauki, hankula a gare shi. Alal misali, lura da chlorine kwayoyin a lokacin aiwatar da shiri na Kalam na methane chlorination. Don wannan ruwa da aka dauka chloroform, halayen faruwa bisa ga irin m inji bukatar ultraviolet radiation a matsayin alamomin da haske kamfani mai suna Quanta.

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCI

A cewar dauki lissafi ya nuna cewa samfurin ne Mafi magni methane - carbon tetrachloride. Irin wannan halayen ne hanya daya da samun carbon tetrachloride a cikin masana'antar.

Har ila yau sinadaran Properties hada azeotropic cakuda da ruwa, wanda yake iya bada chloroform. Mene ne wannan? Wannan shi ne, irin wannan bayani a ruwan aka gyara ba sha wani canje-canje. By ruwan wannan cakuda ba za a iya raba kasarun adadi.

Wani irin halayen, wanda zai iya shiga chloroform ne canzawa daga halogen kwayoyin halitta wasu kwayoyin halitta ko aikin kungiyoyin. Alal misali, ta dauki tare da mai ruwa-ruwa sodium hydroxide , shi Forms sodium acetate:

chloroform + NaOH (AQ) = sodium acetate + sodium chloride + ruwa

Bugu da ƙari kuma, kusan gagarumin dauki dauki na chloroform da ammonia da potassium hydroxide (mayar da hankali bayani) a sakamakon irin wannan hulda, a cyanide.

Chloroform + ammonia + potassium hydroxide = KCN + potassium chloride + ruwa

Storage chloroform

A cikin haske trichloromethane aka bazu tare da samuwar hatsari, mai guba kayayyakin:

Chloroform phosgene = + hydrochloric acid + chlorine + kwayoyin carbon dioxide

Saboda haka, yanayin ajiya na chloroform ya zama na musamman - vials na duhu gilashin da wani m stoppered. Kwalban kanta ya kamata a adana daga hasken rana.

liyafar

Shiri na chloroform aka za'ayi a hanyoyi da dama.

1. A multistage aiwatar da chlorination na methane da ya auku da wani m inji ƙarƙashin rinjayar ultraviolet haske da zafin rana. A wannan yanayin da sakamakon ne ba kawai chloroform, amma sauran uku kayayyakin: chloromethane, dichloromethane da carbon tetrachloride. A dauki ne kamar haka:

CH ₄ + CL ₃ = CH ₂ CL + HCI - chloromethane kafa da kuma hydrogen chloride

CL + CH ₃ = CH ₂ CL ₂ CL ₂ + HCI - dichloromethane da hydrogen chloride kafa

CH ₂ CL ₂ + CL ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCI - kafa trichloromethane (chloroform), da kuma hydrogen chloride

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCI - siffofin carbon tetrachloride da hydrogen chloride

A cikin wannan hanya, da kira trichloromethane masana'antu.

2. The hulda tsakanin bleaching foda da ethyl barasa. Wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje Hanyar.

3. Shiri na electrolytic chloroform (lantarki) zuwa Alkali karfe chlorides a cikin yanayi na acetone ko ethyl barasa. Har ila yau, a dakin gwaje-gwaje hanya domin samar da trichloromethane.

tsaftacewa

Bayan chloroform aka samu, kuma akwai bukatar a tsabtace. Bayan duk, idan aka yi amfani da likita dalilai, da abun ciki na impurities a shi ne kawai unacceptable. Idan manufa aikace-aikace dalla-dalla, da abun ciki na kasashen waje abubuwa ya kamata a iyakance.

Akwai iya zama daban-daban impurities wanda qunshi chloroform. Mene ne wannan? Abin da suke?

• Ethyl barasa.
• Hydrogen chloride.
• Phosgene.
• Chlorine.

Akwai manyan hanyoyi biyu don tsabtace wadannan impurities daga chloroform:

• copious rinsing da ruwa bi da bushewa (ba da damar gaba daya ya rabu da mu da ethanol).
• trichloromethane wanke da karfi acid, sa'an nan da mai karfi Alkali, bi da ruwa. M magani ya bushe ta hanyar yin amfani da wani dehydrating wakili - alli chloride. The abu ne sai fractionally distilled a kan wani shafi.

Tarihi na samu

Tun lokacin da aka sani ga chloroform? Mẽne ne, kuma abin da yake da shi amfani da? Ka yi kokarin fahimtar.

A farko ambaci wannan abu ya shafi 1831. Wannan shi ne lokacin da wani sunadarai daga Guthrie Harbor aka samu trichloromethane. Duk da haka, manufar da shi ya ba da abu, shi ne mafi kyau da-samfurin. A sunadarai sun binciki mai kaushi ga roba, gudanar da wani gwaji da kuma bazata samu chloroform.

A cikin wannan shekara, kuma a shekara daga baya wani biyu masana kimiyya da kansa samu ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen da wannan abu. Yana Yustas Libih (wanda ya yi babban taimako ga ci gaban sunadarai) da kuma Eugen Subereyn. Su aiki ya samu wani m, kuma sun same shi. Duk da haka, mun gano game da wannan sakamako na chloroform da kuma fara amfani da shi daga baya, kawai tare da 1840s.

A tsarin dabara da kuma hulda da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin zuwa koyi da kulawa yi sunadarai Dumas a 1834 shekara. Ya samarwa da kuma kulla da chloroform da sunan, wanda aka ba a daraja na tururuwa. A Latin tururuwa pronounced formiata, kamar yadda kunshe a wadannan kwari formic acid ne iya samar da daga chloroform. A wannan hasashe, da kuma gano da sunan da.

A nazarin halittu sakamako a kan mutum

Yana kuɓutar da ta yi amfani da matsayin m chloroform. Sakamako a kan mutane ne sosai musamman, rufe dama manyan sashin jiki tsarin.

A mataki na tasiri ya dogara da dalilai kamar:

• taro inhaled abu.
• lokacin kiranka na amfani.
• hanyar samun ciki.

Idan ya zo ga m, likita chloroform, sa'an nan ta yi amfani ne tsananin dosed daidai da gida. Saboda haka, zai yiwu contraindications aiwatar kawai 'yan. Idan muna magana ne game da chloroform zuwa ƙafe a cikin iska da kuma inhaled, na daga cikin mutum, da aikin nan ne yafi tsanani da kuma hallakaswa.

Saboda haka, inhalation na trichloromethane a lokacin minti 10 na iya faruwa airway edema, na huhu spasm, tari, ciwon makogwaro. Idan tasiri ba dakatar da guba faruwa nan da nan. Yana za a buga da juyayi tsarin (da kai da kuma laka), yiwu m.

Har ila yau detrimental sakamako a kan hanta, kodan da kuma narkewa kamar gabobin yana chloroform. Its sakamako ne musamman tareda žata idan dauka a cikin bayani. Lura wadannan kwayoyin ta dauki ga liyafar na chloroform:

• dizziness.
• amai da tashin zuciya.
• m ciwon kai.
• tsakiya m tsarin ciki da kuma a sakamakon, gajiya.
• zazzabi.
• rashin lafiyan rashes, fata redness.

Binciken da gwaje-gwajen a kan daban-daban dabbobi sun nuna da wadannan sakamakon:

1. Dogon lokacin da yin amfani da chloroform a cikin wani ruwa yana sa katsewa na ciki, mahara Pathology da mutagenesis na gaba.
2. Lokacin da na yanayi rayuwa na chloroform dabbobi da aka raunanar, kasãla, kuma lokacin da suka rayuwa da aka rage muhimmanci.
3. Bisa gwaje-gwajen da beraye, da aka ƙãre carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

Wadannan sakamakon da aka samu chemists da kuma likitoci a cikin binciken na effects a kan halittu na chloroform.

Amfani da magani

A farko ambaci likita amfani da abu ne kafe a cikin shekara 1847. A sa'an nan masanin kimiyya, wani likita, mai sunadarai Holmes Coote farko samarwa da yin amfani da chloroform matsayin m. Sakamako a kan mutane shi ya kan aiki lokaci ne tabbatacce - cikakken kashewa na sani, babu wani ji.

Amma daga baya, lokacin da haƙuri regained, an bayyana cewa ya ba ya hana tashin zuciya da amai. Sa'an nan an riga an kafa mafi daidai dokoki na aikace-aikace na abu don kauce wa irin wannan sakamakon.

A sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gabatarwar magani chloroform taka leda English obstetrician Dzheyms Simpson. Shi ya tabbatar da kyau sakamako na fili da kuma a lokacin haihuwa tsari.

Duk da haka, akwai fiye da sabon, mai lafiya da hanyoyin zamani na maganin sa barci fiye da chloroform kan lokaci. Its amfani a magani ne kusan bace. Yau, an yi amfani da fom na:

• bangaren man ƙanshi na waje aikace-aikace.
• kamar yadda wani tsawo na m, a hade da wasu abubuwa, da kuma kawai a sosai low yawa.
• kamar yadda saukad ya ɗauke tashin zuciya da kuma amai.

Industrial aikace-aikace

A masana'antu ya kuma yi amfani da chloroform. Its aikace-aikace daban-daban da dangantaka da sinadaran syntheses, inda shi taka rawar da sauran ƙarfi degreaser, primary ko sakandare bangaren for muhimmanci abubuwa amfani a dukkan fannoni na mutum aiki.