Mene ne haɗin sunada? Misalan sunadarai masu sauƙi da hadaddun

Don tunanin muhimmancin sunadarai, ya isa ya tuna da sanannun sanannun Friedrich Engels: "Rayuwa shine hanyar wanzuwar jikin jiki." A gaskiya, a duniya wadannan abubuwa tare da acid nucleic suna haifar da dukkanin bayyanuwar kwayoyin halitta. A cikin wannan takarda, zamu gano abin da furotin ya ƙunshi, zamu bincike abin da aikin yake yi, kuma za mu ƙayyade siffofin tsarin nau'ikan jinsuna.

Peptides - masu shiryawa sosai

Hakika, a cikin kwayar halitta mai rai da shuka da dabba, sunadaran sunadarai kan wasu abubuwa kwayoyin halitta, kuma suna yin yawancin ayyuka daban-daban. Suna shiga cikin wasu matakai masu mahimmanci irin su motsi, tsaro, sigina, da sauransu. Alal misali, a cikin ƙwayar tsoka na dabbobi da mutane, peptides sun kasance zuwa kashi 85% na nau'in kwayoyin halitta, kuma a cikin kasusuwa da kashi 15-50%.

All salon salula da kuma nama da sunadarai an hada da amino acid (20 iri). Lambar su a cikin rayayyun halittu shi ne sau 20 nau'i. Hanyoyi daban-daban na monomers peptide suna samar da sunadarai masu yawa a yanayin. An kiyasta da astronomical yawan 2x10 ¹⁸ yiwu nau'in. A cikin biochemistry, ana kiran polypeptides manyan polymers mai ilimin halitta, macromolecules.

Amino acid - monomers sunadarai

All 20-daban na wadannan sinadaran mahadi ne sunadaran da kuma tsarin raka'a da janar dabara NH ₂ -R-COOH. Su ne amphoteric kwayoyin abubuwa iya nuna duk na asali da kuma acidic Properties. Ba wai kawai sunadarai masu sauƙi ba, har ma wadanda suke da rikitarwa, sun ƙunshi abin da ake kira amino acid maras muhimmanci. Amma da muhimmanci monomers, kamar valine, lysine, methionine za a iya samu ne kawai a wasu irin belkov.Takie sunadaran ake magana a kai a matsayin high-sa.

Sabili da haka, halayen polymer yana la'akari da yawancin amino acid din sunadarai sun kunshi, amma har ma wadanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar kwakwalwan peptide zuwa macromolecule. Add cewa nonessential amino acid kamar asparagine, glutamic acid, cysteine iya da kansa hada a sel mutum da dabbobi. An gina kwayoyin sunadarai marasa nauyin halitta a kwayoyin halitta, shuke-shuke da fungi. Suna shiga kwayoyin halitta kawai tare da abinci.

Yadda aka kafa polypeptide

Kamar yadda ka sani, amino acid 20 daban-daban za a iya haɗuwa zuwa kwayoyin sunadarai daban-daban. Ta yaya ɗaukar dodanni zai kasance a tsakanin kansu? Ya nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin carboxyl da amine na yawan amino acid da ke kwance suna hulɗa da juna. An kafa shaidu na peptide, kuma an fitar da kwayoyin ruwa a matsayin mai-samfurin maganin polycondensation. Kwayoyin sunadaran sunadaran sunadaran amino acid kuma suna maimaita shafukan peptide. Saboda haka an kira su polypeptides.

Sau da yawa, sunadarai ba zasu iya ƙunshe da sarƙoƙi guda daya amma da yawa na polypeptide kuma suna kunshe da dubban amino acids. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin sunadarai masu sauki, kazalika da masu kare jiki, zasu iya tilasta haɗin kansu na sararin samaniya. Wannan ya haifar da ba kawai ba ne kawai, amma har ma na sakandare, mahimmanci da har ma da tsari. Bari muyi la'akari da wannan tsari cikin ƙarin bayani. Ci gaba da nazarin wannan tambaya: menene halayen gina jiki ya kunshi, menene daidaitawar wannan macromolecule? Mun kafa a sama cewa sarkar polypeptide yana ƙunshe da wasu takaddun sinadarai masu haɗari. Wannan tsari ne wanda ake kira na farko.

Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nau'i mai yawa da kuma samfurin amintattun amino acid, da kuma jerin haɗin haɗarsu. Tsarin sakandare yana faruwa ne a lokacin da aka fara samuwa. An kafa shi ta hanyar sababbin kamfanonin hydrogen.

Matsayi mafi girma na ƙungiyar gina jiki

Tsarin tsari ya bayyana a sakamakon marufi na karkace a cikin nau'i na duniya, alal misali, myoglobin sunadarai sunadaran sunadaran tsari. Ana kiyaye shi da sababbin alamomin hydrogen da aka saba da shi da kuma gurbataccen hanyoyi (idan yawancin matakan cysteine sun shiga kwayoyin sunadaran). Wannan tsari na karshe shi ne sakamakon haɗuwa da ɗakunan furotin da yawa a cikin tsarin guda ɗaya yanzu ta hanyar sabon nau'in hulɗar, misali, hydrophobic ko electrostatic. Tare da peptides, ɓangarorin da ba sunadaran sun shiga tsarin tsararru ba. Za su iya zama ions na magnesium, baƙin ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, ko sharan gona na kothophosphate ko acid nucleic, kazalika da lipids.

Hanyoyin sunadaran gina jiki

A baya, mun gano abin da furotin ya ƙunshi. An gina shi daga jerin amino acid. Haɗuwa a cikin wani nau'i na polypeptide na faruwa ne a cikin ribosomes - kwayoyin halitta ba tare da membrane na shuke-shuke da dabba ba. Kwayoyi na bayanai da sufuri RNA sun shiga cikin tsarin biosynthesis. Na farko shine matrix don haɗin gwiwar ƙwayar cuta, kuma na biyu na daukar nauyin amino acid daban-daban. A tsarin kwayar halitta, kwayar halitta ta kunshi nucleotides ko amino acid? Amsar ita ce abubuwanda bai dace ba - polypeptides, mai sauƙi da hadaddun, sun hada da amphoteric Organic Organics - amino acid. A cikin rayuwa sake zagayowar na sel , akwai lokaci na ta aiki a lokacin da gina jiki kira faruwa musamman aiki. Waɗannan su ne matakan da ake kira saukar J1 da J2 na interphase. A wannan lokaci, tantanin halitta yana cigaba da girma kuma yana buƙatar mai yawa kayan gini, wanda shine furotin. Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon sakamako na mitosis, wanda ya ƙare tare da samuwar 'ya'ya biyu, kowannensu yana buƙatar adadin abubuwa masu magungunan, sabili da haka tasirin tashoshin lipids da carbohydrates suna haɗuwa akan tashoshin suturar endoplasmic mai sassauci, kuma kwayar halittu mai suna EPS.

Ayyukan sunadarai

Sanin abin da furotin ya ƙunshi, wanda zai iya bayyana duka nau'o'in nau'ikan jinsunan su da kuma kyawawan dabi'un da ke tattare da waɗannan abubuwa. Sunadaran sunyi ayyuka iri-iri a cikin tantanin halitta, misali, gini, kamar yadda suke cikin sassan membranes da kwayoyin halitta: mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi complex, da sauransu. Wadannan peptides kamar su gamoglobulin ko kwayoyin cutar sune misalan sunadarai masu sauki wanda ke yin aikin karewa. A takaice dai, rigakafin kwayoyin halitta shine sakamakon aikin wadannan abubuwa. Kwayar gina jiki - haemocyanin, tare da hemoglobin, yana aiki a cikin dabbobi da aikin sufuri, wato, yana ɗauke da oxygen a cikin jini. Masarrafan siginar da ke samar da kwayoyin halitta suna bada bayani ga tantanin halitta kanta game da abubuwa da suke kokarin shiga cikin cytoplasm. Peptide albumin ne ke da alhakin ainihin siginar jini, alal misali, saboda ikon yin katsewa. Aminiya na ƙwai kaza ovalbumin an adana a cikin kurkuku kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban tushen kayan abinci.

Sunadaran sune tushen tushen cytoskeleton

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na peptides shine goyon bayan. Yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye siffar da ƙarar kwayoyin halitta. Abin da ake kira sub-membrane structures - microtubules da micro-filaments interweaving samar da kwarangwal na cell. Wadannan sunadarin sunadarai ne, alal misali, tubulin, zasu iya yin kwangila da kuma shimfiɗa. Wannan yana taimaka wa tantanin halitta don kula da siffarsa a karkashin wasu lalatawar kayan aiki.

A cikin tsire-tsire, tare da sunadarai na hyaloplasm, tracts cytoplasmic - plasmodesmas kuma suna ɗauke da aikin goyan baya. Tsayawa ta cikin pores a cikin tantanin tantanin halitta, sun haifar da dangantaka tsakanin sassan kwayoyin kwance da suka kafa kwayar shuka.

Enzymes sune abubuwa ne na furotin

Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da sunadaran sunadaran sune tasirin sunadarai. Maganin sunadaran suna iya nuna rashin amincewarsu - tsari na ɓatar da macromolecule a cikin babban jami'a ko tsari na quaternary. Yankin polypeptide kanta baya karya. M denaturation underlies biyu da alama kuma da catalytic aiki na gina jiki. Abinda na ƙarshe shine ikon enzymes don tasiri tasirin halayen biochemical a tsakiya da cytoplasm na tantanin halitta. Peptides, wanda, a akasin haka, rage yawan gudun hijira sunadarai ana kiran su ba masu hana ba, amma enzymes. Alal misali, sauƙin ƙwayoyin catalase mai sauki shine wani enzyme wanda ke hanzarta kawar da abu mai guba na hydrogen peroxide. An kafa shi azaman samfurin karshe na yawan halayen haɗari. Catalase tana kara yawan amfani da ita ga abubuwa masu tsaka-tsaki: ruwa da oxygen.

Properties na sunadarai

Ana rarraba peptides da yawa fasali. Alal misali, dangane da ruwa, za a iya raba su cikin hydrophilic da hydrophobic. Har ila yau, yanayin zafi yana rinjayar tsarin da kaddarorin sunadaran sunadarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Alal misali, keratin na gina jiki - wani bangaren kusoshi da gashi zai iya jure wa yanayin zafi da ƙananan yanayi, wato, yana da thermolabile. Amma sunadaran ovalbumin, wanda aka ambata a baya, lokacin da aka maida shi zuwa 80-100 ° C gaba daya ya hallaka. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsarinsa na farko shi ne ya raba shi cikin aminan acid. An kira wannan tsari hallaka. Kowace yanayin da muka halitta, furotin ba zai iya komawa zuwa nau'i na asali ba. Sunadaran motar - actin da milosin suna cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka. Sauran raguwa da kuma shakatawa suna dogara ne a cikin aikin aikin tsoka.