Carbon nanotubes: samarwa, amfani, Properties

Energy ne mai muhimmanci masana'antu, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar dan Adam. A samar da makamashi Jihar kasa dogara a kan aikin na masana kimiyya da dama a cikin masana'antar. Yau, suna neman madadin makamashi kafofin. Domin wadannan dalilai, sun amince su yi amfani da wani abu, daga hasken rana da kuma ruwa, kammala tare da iska ikon. A kayan aiki da cewa shi ne iya samar da makamashi daga yanayi, an yaba da.

Overview

Carbon nanotubes - lengthy birgima graphite jirgin sama tare da cylindrical siffar. Yawancin lokaci, su kauri kai da dama dubun nanometers zuwa dama santimita dogon. A ƙarshen nanotube Forms siffar zobe shugaban wanda shi ne wani sashi na fullerene.

Akwai wasu iri carbon nanotubes: ƙarfe da semiconducting. Babban bambancin shi ne yanzu watsin. Nau'i na farko iya gudanar halin yanzu a zazzabi of 0 ° C, da kuma na biyu - kawai a dagagge yanayin zafi.

Carbon nanotubes: Properties

Mafi zamani yayi kamar aiyuka Chemistry ko nanotechnology, da nasaba da nanotubes wanda da carbon tsarin kwarangwal. Mene ne wannan? A karkashin wannan tsarin yana nufin manyan kwayoyin, waxanda suke da juna kawai carbon atoms. Carbon nanotubes, wadda ake bisa kan kaddarorin da rufaffiyar harsashi form, suna sosai mai daraja. Bugu da ƙari kuma, samuwar data ne na cylindrical siffar. Irin wannan shambura iya shirya ta birgima graphite zanen gado, ko dai don girma daga wani takamaiman mai kara kuzari. Carbon nanotubes, wanda hotuna suna nuna a kasa, da wani sabon abu da tsarin. Sun zo a cikin daban-daban siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam: single-Layer da Multi-Layer, a mike kuma sinuous. Duk da cewa da nanotubes ne kyawawan m, su ne da karfi abu. A sakamakon haka, da yawa karatu sun gano cewa, su ne muhimmi Properties kamar tensile kuma flexural ƙarfi. A karkashin mataki na tsanani inji danniya, da abubuwa ba su rush kuma kada ka karya, cewa shi ne, za a iya daidaita su daban-daban voltages.

yawan guba

A sakamakon mahara da bincike, an gano cewa, carbon nanotubes iya haifar da wannan matsala kamar yadda asbestos zaruruwa, Ina nufin da ciwon da dama m marurai, kazalika da huhu da ciwon daji. A mataki na m rinjayar asbestos dogara da irin da kuma kauri ta zaruruwa. Saboda carbon nanotubes da karamin nauyi da kuma size, suka saukin shiga jiki tare da iska. Bugu da ari, sun fada cikin pleura kuma suna kunshe a cikin kirji, da kuma ƙarshe sa wani iri-iri na da rikitarwa. Masana kimiyya gudanar da wani gwaji da kuma kara da abinci na beraye barbashi nanotubes. Products na kananan diamita kusan bai zauna a cikin jiki, amma ya fi girma - dug a cikin ganuwar da ciki da kuma haifar da cututtuka daban-daban.

hanyoyin da shirye-shiryen

Don kwanan wata, akwai wadannan hanyoyin domin samar da carbon nanotubes baka cajin, ablation, tururi shaida.

Electric sallama. Shiri na (carbon nanotubes da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin) a cikin jini da wutar lantarki, wanda konewa tare da helium. Irin wannan tsari iya yi ta amfani da musamman fasaha kayan aiki domin samar da fullerenes. Amma sauran baka halaye an yi amfani da wannan hanya. Alal misali, yanzu yawa rage-rage, da kuma cathodes amfani da babbar thicknesses. Don ƙirƙirar wani yanayi na helium wajibi ne ya tãyar da matsin lamba na wannan kashi. Carbon nanotubes samu ta hanyar spraying. Wannan adadin su ya karu, dole ne ka shigar a cikin wani graphite sanda mai kara kuzari. A mafi yawan lokuta, a cakuda daban-daban kungiyoyin na karfe. Bugu da ari, akwai wani canji a matsa lamba da kuma sputtering Hanyar. Saboda haka, a cathode pellet, kuma a cikinta da carbon nanotubes suna kafa. Gama kayayyakin an tashi perpendicularly daga cathode da kuma tattara a cikin daure. Bã su da wani tsawon na 40 microns.

Ablyasatsiya. Irin wannan hanya da aka kirkiro da Richard Smalley. Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da cewa daban-daban vaporize graphite surface a wani reactor, aiki a high yanayin zafi. Carbon nanotubes an kafa ta danshin na graphite a cikin ƙananan ɓangare na reactor. Sanyaya kuma tara su daukan wuri ta wajen wani sanyaya surface. A farkon yanayin, da yawan abubuwa ne daidai da 60%, sa'an nan a cikin wannan Hanyar adadi ya karu da 10%. The kudin na Laser absolyatsii Hanyar ne mafi tsada fiye da dukan sauran mutane. Kullum, guda-hananna nanotubes shirya ta canza dauki zazzabi.

The shaida daga gas lokaci. carbon tururi shaida Hanyar da aka ƙirƙira a cikin marigayi 50s. Amma babu wanda zai iya yi foreseen cewa ta wajen shi ne mai yiwuwa a samu carbon nanotubes. Saboda haka, da farko kana bukatar ka shirya surface na kara kuzari. Kamar yadda zai iya zama lafiya barbashi na daban-daban karafa, msl, cobalt, nickel da sauransu. Nanotubes fara fito daga mai kara kuzari Layer. Su kauri dogara a kan size of tsara karfe. A surface an kona wani high zazzabi, sa'an nan akwai samar da gas dauke da carbon. Daga gare su, - .., methane, atsetelen, ethanol, da dai sauransu Kamar yadda a kara aiwatar da gas ne ammonia. Wannan samar da hanya ne ya fi kowa nanotubes. A tsari kanta faruwa a daban-daban da masana'antu Enterprises, don haka da cewa kasa kudi da aka kashe domin samar da wani babban yawan shambura. Wani amfani da wannan hanya shi ne cewa a tsaye mambobi za a samu daga wani karfe barbashi cewa bauta a matsayin mai kara kuzari. Shiri na (carbon nanotubes suna bayyana a kan dukkan bangarorin) sanya yiwu godiya ga bincike Suomi Iijima, wanda ya lura karkashin madubin domin su bayyanar a sakamakon kira na carbon.

The main iri

Carbon abubuwa suna classified bisa ga yawan yadudduka. A sauki irin - single-walled carbon nanotubes. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da wani kauri daga game 1 nm, kuma su tsawon iya zama da yawa mafi girma. Idan muka yi la'akari da tsarin, da samfurin kama graphite kunsa amfani da wani kyakkyawan Grid. A ta vertices located carbons. Saboda haka, yana da tube wani cylindrical siffar, wanda yana da wani seams. A na sama na rufe lids na'urorin kunshi fullerene kwayoyin.

Next view - multiwall carbon nanotubes. Sun kunshi dama yadudduka na graphite cewa ana suya a cikin siffar wani Silinda. A nesa therebetween ne kiyaye at 0,34 nm. A tsarin da irin wannan da aka bayyana yin amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu. A cikin farko, Multi-tube - 'yan nested guda-bango bututu da cewa kama wani Rasha yar tsana. A wani biyu, Multi-garu nanotubes ne graphite takardar wadda aka nannade sau da dama a kusa da kansa, wanda shi ne kama wani folded jarida.

Carbon nanotubes: aikace-aikace

Items ne sabon memba na aji na Kayayyakin. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, suna da wata gawa Gininsu, wanda ya bambanta daga Properties na graphite ko lu'u-lu'u. Saboda haka amfani da mafi sau da yawa fiye da sauran kayan.

Saboda irin wannan halaye kamar yadda tensile ƙarfi, flexural ƙarfi, watsin, ana amfani da a yankunan da yawa:

• kamar yadda Additives zuwa polymers.
• kara kuzari ga lighting na'urorin, kazalika da lebur panel nuni da wayoyin hannu a cikin sadarwa networks.
• kamar yadda wani absorber na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa.
• ikon hira.
• anodes a daban-daban baturi iri.
• Storage na hydrogen.
• samar da na'urori masu auna sigina da capacitors.
• composites samarwa da kuma karawa da sifa da kaddarorin.

Domin shekaru masu yawa, carbon nanotubes, da yin amfani da abin da ba a iyakance zuwa musamman masana'antu, a yi amfani da kimiyya da bincike. Irin wannan abu yana da wani rauni matsayi a kasuwa, kamar yadda akwai matsaloli tare da manyan-sikelin samar. Wani muhimmin batu shi ne babban kudin carbon nanotubes, wanda shi ne game da 120 daloli a kowace daya gram na abu.

Suna amfani da wani asali kashi don samar da dama composites, wanda ake amfani da yin da yawa kayan wasa. Wani masana'antu -avtomobilestroenie. Functionalization na carbon nanotubes a cikin art an rage wa endow polymers conductive Properties.

Coefficient na thermal watsin na nanotubes ne high isa, saboda haka su za a iya amfani da a matsayin sanyaya na'urar for daban-daban m kayan aiki. Har ila yau, sun yi iyakoki da cewa suna haɗe da bincike bututu.

A mafi muhimmanci reshe aikace-aikace hada kwamfuta da fasaha. Saboda nanotubes ne musamman lebur-panel nuni. Da taimakon su, za ka iya rage girman da kwamfuta, kazalika da ƙara da fasaha yi. Shirye kayan aiki zai zama da dama sau fi na yanzu fasaha. Bisa ga wadannan karatu, za ka iya ƙirƙiri high-kinescopes.

A tsawon lokaci, da shambura Za a yi amfani ba kawai a Electronics, amma kuma da kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da makamashi sassa.

samarwa

Carbon shambura, da samar da abin da aka rarraba tsakanin iri biyu su, a ko'ina rarraba. Watau, MWNT nuna yawa fiye da SWNT. Nau'i na biyu na yi a gaggawa. Daban-daban kamfanonin ci gaba da samar da carbon nanotubes. Amma da bukatar su kusan ba su yi amfani ba, domin suna da kudin da muni.

shugabannin samarwa

A halin yanzu, manyan matsayi a samar da carbon nanotubes shagaltar da kasashen Asiya, samar iya aiki wanda shi ne mafi girma fiye da sau 3 fi a wasu kasashen Turai da kuma Amurka. A musamman, da samar da MWNT ke tsunduma a Japan. Amma wasu kasashe, kamar Korea da kuma China, bai yarda a cikin wannan nuna alama.

Production a Rasha

Domestic samar da carbon nanotubes ne nisa a baya wasu ƙasashe. A gaskiya, duk abin da ya dogara a kan ingancin da bincike a wannan yanki. Akwai ba kasaftawa isasshen kudi don ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha cibiyoyin a kasar. Mutane da yawa ba su sani ba ga cigaban nanotechnology, domin ba na san yadda shi za a iya amfani da su a masana'antu. Saboda haka, ta miƙa mulki ga sabon tattalin arzikin sawu runs ne quite wuya.

Saboda haka, shugaban kasar Rasha ta bayar da umurnin, wanda ya kafa daga ci gaban fannoni daban daban na nanotechnology, ciki har da carbon abubuwa. A saboda wannan dalili, musamman shirin bunkasa aka halitta zuwa tsirar nasu fasahar. Company "Nanotechnologies" an halitta sabõda haka, duk da maki na oda aka sanya ,. Its aiki da aka kasaftawa da wani gwaji adadin daga jihar kasafin kudin. Ita ce ta kamata sarrafa zane, samar da kuma aiwatar a masana'antu aikace-aikace na carbon nanotubes. The adadin kasaftawa da suke ciyarwa a kan ci gaban daban-daban cibiyoyin bincike da kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje, kazalika da} arfafa data kasance nasarori na cikin gida da masana kimiyya. Har ila yau, wadannan kudi za a yi amfani da domin sayan high quality kayan aiki domin samar da carbon nanotubes. Ya kamata kuma kula da wadanda na'urorin da za su kare lafiyar dan adam, tun da abu yana sa da dama cututtuka.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da dukan matsalar ta'allaka kiwon kudi. Mai zuba jari ba su so su zuba jari a cikin bincike da ci gaban, musamman na dogon lokaci. All kasuwanci son ganin wani riba, amma Nano-iya tafi for shekaru. Wannan abin da Firaministan da wakilan kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized kasuwanci. Bugu da kari, ba tare da jama'a zuba jari ba zai cikakken fara samar da Kayayyakin. Wata matsala ita da rashin doka akai, tun da babu wani tsakiya tsakanin daban-daban matakai na kasuwanci. Saboda haka, carbon nanotube samarwa a Rasha, wanda aka ba da'awa, bukatar ba kawai kudi, amma kuma da shafi tunanin mutum zuba jari. Yayin da Rasha Federation ne da nisa daga kasashen Asiya da cewa suna kan gaba a cikin ci gaban da nanotechnology.

Don kwanan wata, aukuwa a cikin masana'antu tsunduma a cikin sinadaran sassa daban-daban na jami'oi na Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk da Kazan. A manyan masana'antun na carbon nanotubes ne m "Garnet" da kuma Tambov shuka "Komsomolets".

Tabbatacce kuma korau al'amurran

Daga cikin abũbuwan amfãni mu iya rarrabe musamman Properties na carbon nanotubes. Su ne wani m kaya, wanda shi ne ƙarƙashin rinjayar inji danniya ba hallaka. Bugu da kari, sun yi aiki da kyau a lankwasawa da kuma mikewa. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda da rufaffiyar tsarin da firam. Su yi amfani da ba a iyakance ga daya bangaren. A shambura an yi amfani da mota, Electronics, magani da kuma makamashi.

Babbar drawback ne mummunan tasiri a kan mutum kiwon lafiya. Barbashi nanotubes shigar da jikin mutum, ba Yunƙurin ga m marurai ciwon daji.

An muhimmanci al'amari ne da kudade na wannan sashe. Mutane da yawa ba su so su zuba jari a fannin kimiyya, kamar yadda ka bukatar lokaci mai yawa ga riba. Kuma ba tare da wani aiki binciken kimiyya ba zai iya zama da ci gaban nanotechnology.

ƙarshe

Carbon nanotubes na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin m fasahar. Kwararru da yawa hango ko hasashen ci gaban da wannan masana'antu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Akwai zai zama wani gagarumin karuwa a samar iya aiki, wanda zai rage kudin da kaya. Tare da rage a farashin, da tube za a babbar bukatar, kuma za ta zama wani irreplaceable abu domin da yawa na'urorin da kuma kayan aiki.

Saboda haka, da muka samu daga abin da ya ƙunshi wadannan kayayyakin.