Boxer tayarwa: description, tarihi, a raga, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon

A watan Nuwamba, 1899, kasar Sin ta Boxer tawayen barke. Wannan shi ne wani mutãne yi aka directed da kasashen waje flooded Celestial. Kisa na Turai da mishaneri kawo wa manyan kasashen yammacin Duniya ayyana yaki kan kasar Sin.

Dalilai da manufofin

A ƙarshen XIX karni a kasar Sin don kai shekara da Qing Empire. Duk da Catchy take, wannan jiha iya tsayayya da rinjayar da manyan kasashen yammacin Duniya. Farko a Beijing sun Burtaniya. Suka zauna ba kawai a cikin babban birnin kasar, amma har a yana kokarin muhimmanci mashigai. Turawa sun fi sha'awar a nasu cinikayya da tasiri a yankin Asiya, wanda wa'adi da babbar riba.

Similar matsaloli Japan fuskanta. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIX a cikin wannan ƙasar ta fara sake fasalin ya canza al'umma da kuma tattalin arzikin a yammacin hanya. A China, irin wannan hira kasa. isolationist manufofin Turawa ma ya zo da kome ba sa.

baƙauye damunsu

Na farko, da manyan kasashen yammacin Duniya da aka iyakance ciniki gata. Amma a cikin wannan biyu da rabi na XIX karni suka fara kama da Sin mashigai. Ta hanyar su, kasar malale, lokacin da 'yan kasashen waje da mishaneri wanda ya sanar da suka hada da kiristanci.

Ban son sauki ra'ayin mazan jiya yawan jama'a. Bugu da kari, a farkon 1890. manoman buga da dama fari da kuma sauran bala'o'i, karshe hana su riga kananan gonaki. A damunsu da matalauta ya kai ga cewa Boxer tawayen fara a kasar Sin. A historiography shi ne kuma aka sani da Boxer.

maras wata-wata tawaye

Sunan "Boxer" aka sanya wa mambobin kafa kungiyoyin hannu a yaki da baki. Da farko, wadannan tsarin da aka watsar da maras wata-wata ba, amma tare da nassi na lokaci, suka ha] a kawunansu nationalistic m motsi. Boxer tawayen da aka farko directed da mishanarai daga kasashen ketare da kuma Kiristoci na kasar Sin. Team mambobi aikata sufi da addini ayyukan hajji, aro daga gargajiya na kasar Sin asiri. Wani muhimmin sifa da 'yan tawaye sun yau da kullum azuzuwan fistfights. Shi ne saboda wannan suna da aka kira kuma "Yan damben dai sun".

A Boxer shiga cikin sahu na matalauta sana'a, matalauta manoma, sojoji demobilized daga cikin sojojin, kuma ko da matasa tare da mata. A karshen da aka musamman mamakin da Turawa ba su saba ganin wani abu kamar wannan a gida. Boxer tayarwa (musamman a farko) take a hayin kowa ta iko. A cikin mahallin da tarzomar rashin tsari sojojin sau da yawa farmaki ba kawai ga 'yan kasashen waje amma kuma zuwa sauki baƙauye kauyen. Irin hare-hare ƙare a looting. Wannan shi ne jera me ya sa mutane da yawa a kasar Sin, ba su goyi bayan Boxer.

Yarjejeniya zirga-zirga

A Boxer da da kansa ya kafa 10 da dokoki da kisan da aka wajibi. Wannan shatan aka laced tare da Sufi, wanda shi ne halayyar alama na dukan motsi. Alal misali, "Yan damben dai sun" yi imani da cewa suna da invulnerability dangane da projectiles da kuma harsasai. Wannan ra'ayin ya ko da an yake kunshe a cikin Yarjejeniya.

A lokaci guda ihetuanej bayyana mutuwar abokan aikinsu daga raunukan bindiga a jikinsu cewa mutuwa iya zama daya daga cikin 'yan tawayen, wanda ya rasa bangaskiyarsu a gaskiya alloli. Wannan cin amana da aka hukunta haka da cewa ruhohi ake karkatar da su daga soja. Wannan dabaru ba ka damar adana a cike da m mutane hari high da'a. A tsawon lokaci, daga cikin "Yan damben dai sun" da aka kaso na looting, wanda shi ne hukuncin da warlords. Duk wani ganima (ciki har da 'yan kasashen waje) sojoji ya kai da hukumomin yankin. Ga Kiristoci na kasar Sin hali ya na asali. Bidi'a ya ba up su sabon addini, in ba haka ba ya da aka jiran mutuwa.

Bunqasar na gwamnati da kuma 'yan tawaye

A farko gida wasanni ihetuanej faru a 1897. Amma da ake bukata kamar wata shekara don tabbatar da cewa motsi ya zama da gaske gagarumin sikelin. A watan Nuwamba, 1899, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi kokarin kwantar da hankula a kasar ta garambawul, amma sun gaza. A Mafarin da inspirer na sabon Hakika na Sarkin sarakuna Guangxu aka hambarar. Shirya ne ya inna Cixi. Yana ya fito fili ya goyan bayan 'yan tawayen.

Kafin wannan, da cibiyar na gudanar da wasanni a arewacin kasar Sin ya aika da na sarki sojojin. Ta sha wahala da yawa kashi. A cikin wadannan yanayi, da gwamnatin tsakiya da kuma radicals tsagaita wuta da kuma fara gudanar da hadin gwiwa yaki da 'yan kasashen waje. Kafin wannan burin Boxer tayarwa ne har yanzu a kifar da gwamnati, wanda ya zama hanyar zanga-Western sake fasalin. Yanzu, wadannan taken an cire. By karshen 1899 da yawan 'yan tawayen da ya kai dubu 100 mutane.

wuta ya barke

Mai kasashen waje sun kasance a Beijing, inda, a sama da dukan, shi ma dake diplomasiyya kwata. Duk da haka, da yawa daga Turai Diaspora sun a sauran birane .. Liaoyang, Jilin, Yingkou, Mukden, da dai sauransu, sun kasance cikin cibiyoyin da tashin hankali. Disgruntled Sin Rikicin da kuma kashe-kashen da mishaneri. Boxer (Boxer) tawaye tilasta kasashen turai aika reinforcements zuwa kasar Sin. Musamman aiki a cikin wannan ma'ana ya Rasha, tare da kasar Sin wanda ya wani babban har a kan iyaka.

Reinforcements ya fara zo a cikin Qing daular daga Vladivostok da Port Arthur. A mataki na farko da boren da Rasha sojojin a yankin umarce Evgeny Alekseev. Daga baya, sai aka maye gurbinsu da Nikolai Linevich. A halin yanzu, tashin a kasar Sin ne mafi zama tsanani. The yan zanga-zanga sun cinna wuta a Turai majami'u, ciki har da Orthodox majami'u, da kuma makarantu. A marigayi May, wata babbar rundunar "Yan damben dai sun" ya koma Beijing. Yuni 11 ne dakarunta suka shiga cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma bindigogi, aikata mummunan zubar da jini, wanda ya shafa sun hada da yawa 'yan kasashen waje. Boxer kwansu da kwarkwatansu gudanar ya cimma da Amirka da Birtaniya, wanda ya sauka a birnin Tianjin, ya tafi domin ya cece compatriots a Beijing. A hankali da rikici aka kõma dukan iko da cewa sun dauka da kasar Sin ta mallaka fanni na tasiri. A da United States, Jamus, Japan, Austria-Hungary, Rasha, Birtaniya, Italiya, Faransa, Spain, da Netherlands da kuma Belgium.

Zubar da jini a Beijing

Domin wani lokaci, gwamnatin kasar Sin, da sanin cewa a kan gab da babban yaki, kokarin gudanar da shawarwari tare da Turawa. Qing gwamnatin horar da tsakanin kasashen waje iko da kuma 'yan tawayen ba zai iya zama mara iyaka. Empress Cixi da hukunci wanda gefen shi so tabbatacce. Yuni 21, 1900 an hukumance ayyana yaki kan Turawa da kuma Japan. The hukunci factor a ta yanke shawarar zama a pogrom kasanta da Boxer a ofishin jakadancin gundumar na Beijing da rana kafin. A cikin shakka daga wannan yakin na tursasawa kashe Jamus jakadan kasar Sin.

A Empress tafi kawance da 'yan tawayen a farkon wuri saboda tana jin tsoro na discontented manoma fiye da' yan kasashen waje. Wannan tsoro ya sami kuɓuta. A Sanadin da Boxer tawaye sun ƙi Kiristoci. A cikin dare na Yuni 24, 1900, wannan ya haifar da wani fushi cewa duk Sin a Beijing da aka kashe, masu ce yammacin addini. Munin taron ya zama sananne a Turai a matsayin wani sabon St. Bartholomew. Daga baya, da wadanda ke fama da kisan kiyashin da aka canonized da Orthodox Church.

Da shan kashi na 'yan tawaye

Agusta 2 Allied sojojin kaddamar da wani hari a kan Beijing. 13 da yawan sojojin Rasha ta bayyana a cikin karkata birnin. Empress nan da nan ya bar babban birnin kasar da kuma mayar da su Xi'an. Boxer tayarwa (Boxer tawayen) a kasar Sin ya kai ta koli. Kayar m, a Beijing zai nufin cewa dukan yaƙin neman zaɓe yana wanzuwa da kasashen waje.

Storming na babban birnin kasar ta fara a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta. The sosai Kashegari, Beijing ya a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin kawance da iko. Yanzu, babban mayar da hankali da zubar da jini ya zama Manchuria. A watan Oktoba, arewacin yankin da aka gaba daya shagaltar da sojojin Rasha. Wannan aiki ne gaba daya mur da Boxer tawaye. A sakamakon waje baki ya ba bayyana ko dai gwamnatin kasar Sin ko kawance kasashen. Ko kafin 'yan tawayen karshe aka ci, Turai iko fara Backstage sashe Qing kek.

sakamakon

Satumba 7, 1901 ya ci China kammala tare da manyan kasashen yammacin Duniya, da ake kira "karshe rahoton". The kwangila ya hada da kayan abinci da ake fi aggravated halin da ake ciki na Qing Empire. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi alkawarin hukunta duk da shugabannin 'yan tawaye, na rushe wasu daga cikin mata kagarai, to kai ga' yan kasashen waje 12 birane hana duk kungiyoyin wanda ayyukan ake directed da Turawa.

Yanayi da aka bautar ba, amma kasar Sin hukuma da ikon zuwa tsayayya da wadannan bukatu. Boxer tayarwa, a takaice, ta yi wannan sabani a yankin har ma fiye da kuma mafi wuya. A ƙarshe, bayan shekaru 11, da suka yi jagoranci ga lalacewar fadar mulki a kasar Sin.