Bees: Bees irin description, halaye da kuma beekeeping kayayyakin

Dabbobi na ƙudan zuma (Apoidea) akwai kawai babbar adadi. Sai kawai a cikin Turai na tsohon Amurka ɗin akwai fiye da dubu. Amma, ba shakka, jinsin daya ne mai sha'awa ga mutum - zuma na zuma (Apis mellifera).

Zabi mafi yawan ƙwayoyin kwari da kuma ciyar da su har dogon lokaci. Sakamakon haka shi ne bayyanar yawan adadin ƙudan zuma na ƙudan zuma. Kowannensu yana da hanzari don kiwon amfanin gona a wani yanki tare da yanayin haɓaka mai dacewa.

Wani tarihin tarihi: ƙwayoyin farko na ƙudan zuma da halaye

A wurin haifuwa na Hymenoptera dauke da yankin gabas ta tsakiya da Turai da kuma Afrika. A kan magance ƙudan zuma a wasu sassan duniya, mutumin ba shi da tasiri. Da farko, irin abubuwan da suka shafi sauyin yanayi, fauna da flora sun zama dalilai masu ma'ana. A sakamakon sakamakon juyin halitta - tare da lokaci, ta halitta - yawancin nau'in kudan zuma sun bayyana. Masu kudan zuma na zamani suna kiransu jinsi. Kowace rukuni na kasance farkon abin da aka fara don samar da ƙwayar gida mai yawa. "Abin da aka haɗa" zuwa wani yanki na musamman - wannan shine yadda kwari irin su ƙudan zuma ke nunawa a farkon wuri. Dabbobi, da dubawa game da abin da ke mafi kyau, yawanci zoned. A mafi yawan lokuta, har ma da sunan iri iri yana faruwa ne daidai daga yankin da aka bred. Da yake ana hawa, duk wani iyalin ma'aikata, mafi mahimmanci, zasu rasa cikin yawan aiki.

Wace irin nau'o'in da aka yi a Rasha

A cikin} asarmu, naman kiwon noma ya kasance da dogon lokaci. Sabili da haka, akwai "iri-iri" iri-iri da dama, suna cin abinci a kan bishiyoyi. A nan ne wasu shahararrun kudan zuma a Rasha:

• Mountain caucasus;

• Krajnskaya;

• Bacfast;

• Carpathian;

• Ukrainian;

• Steppe;

• Tsakiyar Tsakiya.

Masu wakiltar dukkanin wadannan nau'o'in suna da amfani sosai da ƙwayar ƙudan zuma. Dabbobi na ƙudan zuma na iya bambanta a hanyoyi daban-daban. A kan abin da, kuma za mu sake dubawa.

A kan wane dalili ne za'a iya rarrabe mutum daga ɗayan zuwa wata

A gaskiya, ƙudan zuma suna kiran kwari na iyalin Hymenoptera tare da ƙuƙwalwa mai tsummoki da ciki na zinariya, wanda aka rufe shi da ɓangaren baki. Ta haka ne irin wannan nau'i daga wasu za a iya bambanta a kan wadannan filaye:

• Tsawancin proboscis;

• Nauyin nauyi da girma;

• Peculiarities na canza launin;

• Abune;

• Rooliness;

• Amincewa da cutar.

Ƙasar tsakiya na Rasha: cikakken bayanin

Wannan nau'in an bred a Rasha ko'ina. Har ila yau, shahararren Siberia ne. Ya kawo ta nan a 1792 daga Bashkiria, Kanar NF Arsenevsky. Bayan haka, wadannan ƙudan zuma suka fara farawa a Siberia. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, bayyanar nau'ikan Bashkir ba ta canza ba. Jamhuriyar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya tana da siffofin halayyar da ke tattare da su:

• Proboscis tsawon lokaci 5.9-6.4 mm;

• Manya-manyan (kudan zuma guda daya yana kimanin 110 g);

• Dark launi - daga baki zuwa arziki launin toka, ba tare da yellowness;

• Hanyar kai tsaye ga matsalolin waje da sarcasm;

• Hakki don swarming;

• Amincewa da cutar da juriya.

Abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin kudancin Rasha kudan zuma

A halin yanzu, ana ganin wannan nau'in ya zama mafi kyau a kasarmu. Domin jirgin Tsakiya Rasha kudan zuma zai iya kawo wata babbar adadin zuma. Wannan nau'in, alal misali, yana da tarihin cyprus - kimanin 328 a kowace shekara daga iyali.

Rashin ikon ci gaba da jurewa tsawon watanni 7-8, lokacin bazara wanda ba shi da kyau shine wani amfani da cewa ƙudan zuma suna da kyau ga. Irin nauyin ƙudan zuma, kamar yadda aka ambata, sunyi ƙaura akan kansu sosai. Wannan ba ya shafi tsakiya na Rasha. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin rare raga wanda zai iya yada a kan manyan yankunan ba tare da shigarwa ba.

Abin takaici, a yau beekeepers ba su ba da yawa ne da hankali ga Central Rasha kudan zuma. Kuma gaba daya a banza. Wannan shi ne ainihin mafi kyau irin ƙudan zuma a Rasha. Matsayinsa mai girma, rashin kulawa ga cututtuka, jimre - duk wannan zai iya sanya apiary mafi riba fiye da kwarewar iri na kudancin.

Ukrainian steppe: bayanin

Ta yaya wannan irin nau'in ya bayyana har yanzu bai san kowa ba. Wasu masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa kudancin Ukrainian ne kawai reshe na kudancin tsakiya na Rasha. Wasu sun ce ta dangin Carpathian ko Krajna. Duk da haka, duk abin da yake shi ne, mataki na Ukrainian ya bambanta da wasu nau'in ƙudan zuma, duka a bayyanar da hali, wanda za'a iya warewa a cikin wani nau'i na musamman. Wannan masanin kimiyya A. S. Skorikov ya yi a shekarar 1929.

Babban siffofi na musamman na mataki na Ukrainian shine:

• Proboscis tare da tsawon 6.34-6.64 cm;

• Da yawa nauyi (105 g);

• Dark launin toka launin ba tare da yellowness;

• Ba matsanancin fushi ba;

• Ƙananan sha'awar swarming;

• Amincewa da cututtuka da rashin aiki zuwa yanayin zafi.

Abũbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani da kudan zuma Ukrainian steppe kudan zuma

Amfanin wannan irin, ban da ƙarfin zuciya, sun hada da yawan samuwa da kuma aiki a kare koshin su daga sata zuma da wasu kwari. Kasancewa, hanya mai sauƙi daga yanayin da ake ciki, wani hali don kula da tsarki mai tsarki a cikin hive shi ne abin da ke bambanta ƙudan zuma na tsire-tsire na Ukrainian. An bambanta iri na ƙudan zuma bisa ga yanayin zuma. Hakanan mataki na Ukrainian a cikin wannan girmamawa ya fi na wasu nau'in. Abubuwan da ba shi da kyau sun haɗa da, da farko, cewa yana iya tara nectar kawai daga tsire-tsire tare da babban sukari (daga 18%).

Kudancin Carpathian: alamun irin

Wannan nau'i-nau'i ne kuma yana tattare da dukkanin muhimmancin halayen tattalin arziki da halayen halittu. An gudanar da nazari mai zurfi a shekarar 1966 a kan shirin da farfesa a makarantar aikin gona. Timiryazev G. A. Avtisyan. Ƙungiyar Carpathian na ƙudan zuma yana da alaƙa da manyan fasali:

• Very long proboscis 6.3-7 m;

• Ƙananan girma (har zuwa 110 g);

• Abun ciki;

• Aminci;

• Babu matsananciyar haɗari ga swarming;

• Abokan da ke da nasaba da cututtuka da rashin kulawa da yanayin zafi.

Carpathian ƙudan zuma a baya fiye da sauran breeds, shekaru fara tattara Nectar. Wadannan ƙwayoyin suna bugawa cikin hanyar "bushe".

Wani lokaci da suka wuce, masu kiwon kudan zuma sun fito da irin nau'in irin kudan zuma Carpathian - Moscow. Nauyin mutum daya na wannan rukuni na iya zuwa 120 g. Launi na launi na Moscow shine launi mai haske.

Abũbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani da irin kwayoyin Carpathian

Abubuwan amfani da ƙudan zuma dake zaune a ƙafar Carpathians sun hada da yawan samuwa, juriya da yanayin zaman lafiya. Ba kamar sauran mutane ba, wannan nau'in zai iya tattara yawan zuma, ko daga shuke-shuke da abun ciki mai zurfin sukari. Rashin rashin amfani da wannan kudan zuma shine kwarewa don sata, rage yawan samar da propolis da kuma rashin kulawa da tsutsa da moths. Amma duk da haka, saboda yawancin samfurori, Carpathian da Moscow sune shahararrun ƙudan zuma a Rasha.

Krajinsky ƙudan zuma

Wannan jinsin ya samo a cikin tuddai na Alps. Daga ta daga bisani Carpathian kudan zuma ya tafi. A cikin yankuna masu tasowa wannan nau'in na da muhimmancin tattalin arziki. Babban fasalin fassararsa shine:

• Ba da dadewa ba (progoscis) mai tsawo (6.9 mm);

• Maimakon girman nauyi (har zuwa 110 g);

• Grey tare da launin azurfa, baki ko launin ruwan kasa na ciki;

• Yanayin zaman lafiya;

• Maimakon haka yawancin halayen da ake yiwa swarming;

• Winter hardiness da jure cututtuka.

Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, irin wannan yanayin yana faruwa ne a farkon bazara. Tattara tattara ƙudan zuma wadannan ƙudan zuma za su iya hawa har zuwa mita 1500 a saman matakin teku.

Abubuwan da aka ba da kaya na Krajina

Amfanin wannan irin sun hada da babban aiki a kan zuma mai karfi, karfin sauyawa daga mummunan shuke-shuken, mafi dacewa ga yanayi mai tsanani, yanayin amfani da abinci a cikin hunturu. Ƙari mai mahimmanci na irin kwayoyin Carpathian, banda gagarumin yaduwar ganyayyaki, an dauke shi kariya daga gida daga sata.

Fasali na irin kayan wankewa

Dabbobi na ƙudan zuma, bayanin wanda aka ba a sama, ana iya bred kusan a kowane yanki na kasar. Buckfast yana da amfani, amma ba sanyi ba. Saboda haka, ya dace da kiwo musamman a yankunan kudancin kudancin. Wannan matasan an gabatar da wannan matasan a cikin 1920 ta hanyar Karl Kerkhle ta hanyar hayewa da Italiyanci, Anatolian, Macedonian, Masar da Girkanci. Babban siffofi masu rarraba na mai cin nama shine:

• Proboscis na matsakaici matsakaici;

• Nauyin nauyi (115 g);

• Launi mai launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa;

• Aminci;

• Matsayin da ake nufi da swarming;

• Amincewa da cututtuka (musamman ga acarapidosis) da kuma lura da yanayin zafi.

Ƙudan zuma na irin wannan nauyin suna nuna wajibi sosai daga kwari kuma suna iya tashi don cin hanci domin nesa.

Abũbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani

Daga cikin dukkan Yammacin Turai irin na kudan zuma Buckfast ne mafi m. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ƙudan zuma suna da kyau kuma suna da matukar dacewa don canza yanayin muhalli. Wadannan rashin amfani sune, na farko, matsanancin matsayi na hunturu. Lokacin da ake kiwo a arewacin yankuna na Rasha, wajibi ne a yi wa ƙudan zuma haya.

Mountain Caucasian kudan zuma: manyan halaye

Wace irin ƙudan zuma ne ake bred a kudancin kasar har yanzu? Mountain Caucasus yana zaune ne a tsaunukan Armenia, Georgia da Azerbaijan. A kasarmu an bred a cikin yankunan Krasnodar da Stavropol. Babban fasalin fassararsa shine:

• Proboscis tsawon 6.7-7.25 mm;

• Ba nauyi na jiki ba (har zuwa 90 g);

• Silvery-gray launi na chitin ba tare da rawaya ba;

• Ƙananan haɓaka ga swarming;

• Ba ƙarfin jurewa da cutar ba, rashin kula da sanyi.

Ƙudan zuma na wannan irin ba sa son dampness. Saboda haka, wajibi ne don shirya iska mai kyau a cikin amya. A lokacin sanyi, wannan nau'in ƙudan zuma za a iya kiyaye shi ba kawai a wasanni na hunturu ba, har ma a cikin 'yanci.

Abubuwan da ake bukata da kuma ƙwararren ƙwayoyin launin fata Caucasian

Amfanin wannan ƙudan zuma iri ne, na farko, da ikon karɓar yawan zuma, ko daga shuke-shuke da ya ƙunshi ƙananan sukari. Riba a cikin hive zai iya zama har zuwa 1.5 kg kowace rana. Har ila yau, ƙari na launin toka Caucasian irin su yi la'akari da iyalan iyalansu don kare gida da kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa na propolis.

Ga rashin rashin amfani da wannan nau'in, ƙudan zuma ne, a farkon wuri, ba kyakkyawan juriya ga cututtuka ba. Ga irin yankunan kudan zuma, wajibi ne ya haifar da yanayin da ya dace. Idan aka kwatanta da mataki na Ukrainian da na Tsakiya ta Tsakiya, wannan nauyin ba ya jure wa yanayin zafi sosai. Saboda haka, ya dace, a mafi yawancin, don amfanin gona kawai a yankunan kudancin kasar. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ƙudan zuma suna da wuya ga wasu nau'o'in game da yawan amfanin zuma a kan cin hanci.

Babban kayan aikin kudan zuma

Babban amfani da dukan samfurori da aka ambata sune, ba shakka, yawan samuwa. Me ake nufi da wannan batu? Babban samfurori na kudan zuma ne zuma, kakin zuma da propolis. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan kwari suna bred a kan apiaries don karɓar mai daraja royal jelly, pergu da kudan zuma venom.

Properties na zuma

Wannan samfurin na kiwon kudan zuma yana da nauyin haɗari mai haɗari. Honey yana da magani, bactericidal da kuma abincin abin da ake ci. Ayyukanta sun dogara da dalilai da dama: ƙwayoyin ƙudan zuma, irin tsire-tsire, yanayin yanayi, da dai sauransu. Dangane da wannan, zuma zai iya samun nau'in ruwa, abun da ke cikin sinadaran, launi, digiri na crystallization, da dai sauransu.

Akwai nau'o'in irin wannan samfur:

• Very ruwa (Clover, Acacia);

• Liquid (buckwheat, linden);

• M (dandelion);

• M (miki);

• Gelatinous (heather).

Amfani da zuma a cikin masana'antun abinci, kimiyya, magani. An ƙara shi da wuri da wuri, da yin amfani da creams, gels da shampoos. A cikin magani, ana amfani da wannan samfurin a matsayin mai ƙarfin damuwa da kuma wakili mai ƙin kumburi. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, zuma ma kwayoyin halitta ne.

Darajar beeswax

Wannan samfurin a cikin hive yana aiki biyu a lokaci daya: yana kare ƙudan zuma daga danshi, yana rufe gashin su, kuma yana aiki a matsayin kayan aikin ginin gine-gine. Kamar zuma, ƙudan zuma da kakin zuma iya samun launi daban-daban da kuma abun da ke ciki. Ana amfani da wannan samfurin mai amfani a wurare da yawa na tattalin arziki: masana'antun masana'antu, haske, abinci da ma a cikin kayan aiki da kuma ginin jirgin sama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake amfani da su shine magani. Ana amfani da waxin magani a cikin cututtukan cututtukan fata, a matsayin mai warkaswa da anti-inflammatory.

Mene ne propolis?

Wannan samfurin ne wanda aka samo ta hanyar kiwon waddan kwari kamar ƙudan zuma. Dabbobi na ƙudan zuma masu yawa ne kuma duk suna samar da propolis. Kira irin wannan abu na musamman mai duhu. Ƙudan zuma amfani da shi don rufe ƙuƙuka a cikin hive. Launi da ƙanshin wannan abu ya dogara da farko akan abin da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire suka girma a cikin kusanci na apiary. Propolis na iya zama launin ruwan kasa ko baki. Daban-daban iri-iri masu amfani - bitamin, amino acid da abubuwa masu alama - wannan samfurin ya ƙunshi kawai adadi mai yawa.

Kullin da aka yi amfani da shi mafi yawan amfani da magani. Tare da taimako, eczema da sauran cututtukan fata, gastritis, peptic miki, colitis, da sauransu, ana bi da su.

Royal Jelly

Wannan shine watakila mafi kyawun samfurin kudan zuma. Ana amfani da kwari na Molochko don ciyar da tsirine larvae a duk matakai na cigaba. Yana wakiltar wani abu mai mahimmanci mai ilmantarwa na halitta, wanda ya ƙunshi babban adadin kayan. Bisa ga daidaituwa, jelly yana kama da kirim mai tsami kuma yana da launi mai launi.

Wannan samar da kudan zuma yafi amfani da shi don yana iya bunkasa rigakafin mutum. Yi amfani da malochko kuma don magance cututtukan cututtuka na rashin tausayi, rashin haihuwa da rashin ƙarfi, da daidaitawar matsa lamba, rage jini sugar, da dai sauransu.

Perga da kudan zuma

Kira ambrosia pollen, kwari tattara a kantin sayar da ga hunturu. Don dandana wannan samfurin kama hatsin rai gurasa. A perge kamar yadda propolis, ya ƙunshi manyan yawa na amino acid, bitamin da kuma ma'adanai. Kuma nike shi duka a 100%. Babban yankin na amfani da pollen ne magani da kuma cosmetology.

Bee dafin ne na musamman samfurin na secretory aiki a jikin kwaro. Shi ne bayyananne, colorless ruwa tare da m m wari. Its sinadaran abun da ke ciki ba da cikakken fahimta ba sai yanzu. An yi imani da cewa mutuwa da mutane na iya zama 500 cizon kwari a lokaci guda. A kananan yawa kamar yadda kudan zuma dafin za a iya amfani da anti-mai kumburi da antimicrobial wakili.

maimakon wani epilogue

Bee jinsunan, bred a Rasha, akwai da yawa. Mafi yawansu suna halin high yawan aiki. Kiwo Tsakiya Rasha, Ukrainian, da launin toka dutsen ƙudan zuma da sauran jinsunan tattauna a sama na iya zama da gaske riba kasuwanci, kawo ubangijinsa mai kyau samun kudin shiga, da kuma tattalin arzikin - moriya sosai.