Babban sassa na flower - shi ne ... da babban sassa na wani flower: pistil da stamens

Botanists sun kidaya fiye da 360 dubu iri tsakanin flowering shuke-shuke. Kuma wannan al'amari ba a gama ba. Flowers an same daga yammacin sahara zuwa tundra - a duk yanayin bangarori na duniya. Su ne a ko'ina: a cikin hamadar, gandun daji, steppes, Marshes da tabkuna, a bakin tekun, kuma a cikin tsaunuka. Wannan flowering shuka sa up da girma daga al'amarin biosphere. Godiya a gare su, samar da shuka abinci - hatsi, mafi kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa, berries da kwayoyi.

A mafi muhimmanci kashi na angiosperms (flowering na biyu sunan) shi ne mai flower. Babban sassa na wani flower - a pistil da stamens. Saboda da hadadden tsarin da pollination da kuma hadi, da su sa hannu form tsaba - da ci gaba da rayuwa da kuma ci gaba na shuke-shuke a duniya.

Flower: tsarin da kuma aiki

Higher shuke-shuke suna sanya har na tushen, mai tushe da ganye da kuma furanni, wadda aka taqaitaccen da kuma modified kara. Akidar, kara da ganye - vegetative sassa da suke da alhakin ci gaban da shuke-shuke. Flower - generative kashi na haihuwa gabobin. Yawancin lokaci, furanni suna haɗe da pedicels - don haka ya kira nagartaccen ɓangare na kara ba tare da ganye. A wasu tsire-tsire peduncles fakowa ba ko kawai bayyana. Yana - sessile furanni. Peduncle yana faɗaɗa, motsi a cikin matabbata.

Mun jera daga kasa zuwa sama, daga peduncle, babban sassa na wani flower. Wannan matabbata, wanda shi ne dalilin da jeri na sauran abubuwa na flower. Matattarã iya zama daban-daban siffofi daga conical, kamar Magnolia zuwa wani jirgin saman (camomile) ko concave (rosehips), farko da kofin, wanda aka kafa sepals. su ne yawanci kore, amma za a iya haske a canza launin. Calyx iya zama guda-jere ko epicalyx kafa daga zagaye na biyu na sepals. Next - da corolla na flower, hada da petals. Iri-iri na flower corolla manyan: launi, launi tsanani, size, yawan, siffar, mutunta tsari, tsakiyan nonon petals.

Tare, da sepals da kuma petals sa up da perianth - rufe da flower. Wasu flowering shuke-shuke da wani petals, ko ba su bambanta daga sepals. A irin haka ne, perianth ne mai sauki; shi ne ake kira biyu idan akwai sepal da petals. Perianth - bakararre appendage flower. Ayyuka furanni sanya perianth - kariya na carpel (pistil ko carpel) da kuma tabbacin pollination. Haske launuka da kuma m wari corolla samar da kwari da ziyartar shuke-shuke.

A bracts ne m, a kalla manyan ɓangare na flower. Yana gynoecium, sauki - da pistil, a cikin abin da ɓullo da ovules da matattarã ga gametophyte (megaspores). Yana da mata haihuwa gabobin na flower. A bracts da shi ne namiji jima'i sashin jiki, wani tsarin naúrar wanda - stamen. Tare, da stamens ake kira androecium. A stamen anthers kafa microspores. Su zõ da wani pollen hatsi - namiji gametophyte.

Babban sassa na wani flower

A pistil da stamens ne mafi muhimmanci abubuwa, tun da suka - rarraba namiji da mace jam sel. Yana - gametophytes, wani abu wanda ya taso ne daga mahaɗar tsakãninsu da iri, da 'ya'yan flowering. Pistil (carpel daidai kira shi) kunshi da kwai, wani shafi (wasu flowering da kanta ne ba), da kuma stigma. A kwai akwai tayi jakar kwai tare da manufa ovules. A saman shafi ƙare da stigma, inda pollen an jinkirta. An kafa a stamens (mikrosporolistikah). Hankula stamen kunshi sassa biyu: da filaments (bakararre, bakararre part) da kuma wani m anther (haihuwa) aiki.

Monoecious da kuma iri guda ba

Game da 75% na nau'in angiosperms ne hermaphroditic (hermaphroditic) furanni - suna da biyu stamens da kuma pistils. Wadannan tsire-tsire masu monoecious (misali - masara). Akwai shuke-shuke a cikin abin da wasu mutane - da kawai staminate furanni, da sauransu - kawai pistillate. Suna da ake kira iri guda ba (misali - hemp).

A tsari na pollination

A ainihi shi ne zuwa buga pollination na pollen a kan stigma na stamens. Yana iya zama kai-pollination, da classic misali na wanda aka gani a undisclosed furanni (wasu irin violets, gujiya, da sha'ir). Na biyu Hanyar - giciye-pollination da ya auku a mafi flowering. Wasu yan dako na pollen: iska, ruwa, kwari, tururuwa, tsuntsaye.

biyu hadi

A mahaɗar tsakãninsu namiji gametes (maniyyi) daga mace gamete (oocyte) hadi faruwa. Don yin wannan, kana bukatar ka a kan stigma, m m zaki ruwa, toho pollen stamens. A toho mote farawa girma pollen tube - mai tsawo sosai, kuma bakin ciki sosai. Yana ratsa cikin kwai kusa da ovules. A karshen biyu shambura a haɗe maniyyi. Ovule, kunsha na sel cewa ci gaba a cikin kwai. A kwai ne kusa da pyltsevhodu, wanda ya ratsa pyltsetrubka. Sauran Kwayoyin, na biyu, dake a cikin cibiyar da kwai. Pyltsetrubka bursts kuma duka da maniyyi daga gare ta. Daya shiga cytoplasm da kuma tsakiya fis din tare da kwai, da kuma sauran - ratsa cikin sakandare cell. Hadi faruwa da kwai fara raba akai-akai, da wanda tasowa da kumshe da shuka. A sakandare cell kamar yadda hadu da fara raba ta samar da endosperm - ma'ajiyar kayan abinci ajiye wadata ga amfrayo. Wannan Forms iri.

A takaice game da aiki na furanni

Flowering tsire-tsire a cikin Flora na duniya zauna a rinjaye matsayin sabon ci gaba, kazalika a tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa fauna. Dalilin da dukan abubuwa masu rai - mika su iyali, don ƙirƙirar ta ci gaba. A wannan m da kuma flowering. Su haihuwa gabobin, yin aiki na haifuwa, suna furanni. Babban sassa na flower - wannan gynoecium (pestle) da kuma androecium (stamen) wanda ya samar da da jima'i Kwayoyin - gametes. A furanni bayan pollination zuwa da ma'amala - copulation na gametes. A sakamakon biyu hadi da ovules na kwai tasowa a cikin fata da tsaba da ajiye na gina jiki. Wannan shi ne - farkon wani sabon rai na nan gaba a cikin iyalai na flowering shuke-shuke.