Andreas Vezaly: biography da taimako ga magani (photo)

Yau muna magana game da wannan babban masanin kimiyya, Andreas Vesalius. Photo da biography of shi za a iya samu a cikin wannan labarin. Idan ba za ka iya la'akari da wani uba na Anatomy, sa'an nan, ba shakka, Vesalius. Wannan halittu, mahaliccin da kuma kafa na zamani ilmin jikin mutum. Ya fara daya daga cikin na farko ya yi nazarin jikin mutum ta autopsies. Daga gare shi wanda duk baya da ci gaba a fannin Anatomy.

A wani wuya sosai lokacin aiki Andreas Vezaly. An shekaru a cikin abin da ya rayu, aka alama da mamayar na coci a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa, ciki har da magani. Autopsies aka haramta, da kuma take hakkin da ban mai tsanani azaba ba. Duk da haka, duk ba zai ja da baya Andreas Vezaly. Taimako ga ilmin halitta na wannan masanin kimiyyar, dã mun kasance da yawa kasa idan ya bai yi kuskure ya taka a kan tsoron da kuma hadisai. Amma, kamar mutane da yawa daga waɗanda ke gaba na lokaci, ya biya diyyar da m ideas.

Kana son karin bayani game da wannan mutum mai girma, Andreas Vesalius, da bayar da gudunmawar da ilmin halitta ne invaluable? Mun bayar da saduwa da shi mafi hanyar karanta wannan labarin.

Origin Vesalius

Andreas Vezaly (rai shekaru 1514-1564) nasa ne da HALITTAR Whiting, wanda ya dade ya rayu a Nimvegene. Medical masana kimiyya sun kasance ƙarni da dama da na iyalinsa. Alal misali, babban-girma kakan Andreas, Peter, ya mai farfesa kuma rector na Jami'ar Louvain, wani likita da Sarkin sarakuna Maximilian. Kamar yadda wani bibliophile, da kuma kwashe treatises a kan magani, da ya yi ba kayayyakin kudi domin sayan rubuce-rubucen, jawabin a kan su wani bangare na arziki. Peter rubuta wani sharhin a kan hudu littafin Avicenna, babban Gabas masanin kimiyya. A littafin da ake kira "Canon of Medicine".

Andreas kakan kaka, da Yahaya, ya kuma wani malami. Ya yi aiki, a Jami'ar Louvain, inda ya lectured a ilmin lissafi, kazalika da likita. Everard, ɗan Yahaya da kakan Andreas, kuma bi a mahaifinsa zambiyõyin, aiwatar a magani. Andreas, uba na Andreas Vesalius, aiki a matsayin mai harhaɗa magunguna inna Carlos V, Princess Margaret. Francis, da kane na mu gwarzo, shi ne kuma m na magani da kuma zama wani likita.

Ƙananan yara, nan gaba masanin kimiyya

Disamba 31, shekarar 1514 da aka haife Andreas Vezaly. An haife shi a Brussels, kuma ya girma a tsakanin likitoci suka ziyarci gidan mahaifinsa. Daga wani sosai matasa, shekaru, Andreas amfani da library na treatises a kan magani, a mi} a cikin iyali daga tsara zuwa tsara. Ya ɓullo da wani amfani a wannan filin na ilimi. Ya kamata a ce cewa Andreas ya musamman Malamai. Ya tuna duk binciken da aka yi da marubuta daban-daban, da kuma sharhi a kan su, a cikin rubuce-rubucen.

Ilimi a Jami'ar Louvain kuma a College of Education

Andreas yana da shekaru 16 da shekaru samu wani gargajiya ilimi a Brussels. A 1530, ya zama dalibi a Jami'ar Louvain. Yana da aka kafa a 1426 ta Johann IV na Brabant. A jami'a aka rufe bayan da Great Faransa juyin juya halin. Sake shi ya fara horar da dalibai a 1817. Ga sanar da Latin kuma Helenanci harshe, rhetoric da kuma lissafi. Domin ci gaba a kimiyya, shi ya kamata a yi mai kyau sanin harsuna na tsufa. Andreas unsatisfied koyarwa, haƙĩƙa, sun shige a cikin 1531 a College of Education, wanda aka kafa a 1517 a Louvain.

Classes Vesalius a Paris

Pretty da ewa ba, nan gaba masanin kimiyya Andreas Vezaly zama sha'awar ilmin jikin mutum. Tare da babban babbar sha'awa a cikin kayayyakin lokaci, Andreas dissected gawawwakin dabbobi da kuma dissected su. Nikolai Floren, wani aboki na mahaifinsa da kuma kotun likita, shawarci wannan saurayi ya tafi zuwa Paris don nazarin magani. Daga baya, a cikin 1539, Andreas ya ciyar da wannan mutumin aiki "The sakon na bloodletting", a cikin abin da ya kira na biyu mahaifin.

Saboda haka, Vesalius a 1533 ya tafi zuwa Paris don nazarin magani. Ya kasance a nan da haltta a cikin 3-4 shekaru, likita ya saurari laccoci daga Italiya Guido Guidi, fi sani da Zhak Dyubua ko Silvius, wanda yake daya daga cikin farko ya fara da gano da haltta na peritoneum, da vena cava, da sauransu. A adam cadavers. Silvius m laccoci. Vesalius kuma saurari Fernely, wanda aka kira da mafi kyau likita a Turai.

Duk da haka, Andreas ba iyakance ga laccoci da likitoci biyu. Ya kuma yi karatu tare da Ioganna Gyuntera, wanda ya koya a Paris tiyata da kuma ilmin jikin mutum. A baya can, ya lectured a kan Greek a Jami'ar Louvain, sa'an nan ya koma Paris (a 1527), inda ya yi karatu ilmin jikin mutum. A Vesalius kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka da Gunther.

The matsaloli dangantawa da autopsy

Domin ilimin Halittar Jiki nazarin da aka bukata Vesalius matattu gawawwaki. Duk da haka, wannan batu ya kasance wani lokaci na wahala. Kamar yadda ka sani, wannan zama da bai taba aka dauke mai tsarki hali. The Church ya al'ada tayar masa. Kila, Herophilus shi ne kawai likita bayyana gawawwakin da kuma ba za a tsananta ga shi. Vesalius, a Keen kimiyya sha'awa, ya tafi hurumi na marasa laifi. Kuma ya zo a cikin wurin kisa Villar de Montfaucon, inda ya ɓace karnuka kalubalanci gawar cikin mazaunin.

A 1376, a Jami'ar Montpellier, inda majors ya Anatomy, likitoci samu izinin bude gawar wani hukuncin kisa laifi a kowace shekara. Wannan ƙuduri ba su dan'uwan Carlos V, Lyudovik Anzhuysky, wanda yake mai mulki na Languedoc. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga ci gaban da magani da kuma ilmin jikin mutum. Daga bisani, wannan bayani da aka tabbatar da Charles VI na, Sarki na Faransa, da kuma daga baya Charles Sabunta. A 1496 da karshen tabbatar da diploma.

Koma Louvain, ci gaba da bincike

Vesalius, tun shafe fiye da shekaru 3, a birnin Paris, ya koma Louvain. A nan sai ya ci gaba da Anatomy da Gemma Vries, abokinsa, wanda ya baya zama wani shahararren likita. Make farko kwarangwal hade Andreas Vesalius da babban matsaloli. Tare da abokinsa, ya saci gawarwakin wadanda hukuncin kisa, wani lokacin cire su rarrabe. Tare da rai-barazanar Andreas hau bisa gumagumai. Dare abokai a ɓoye, a bakin hanya bushes sassa na jiki, sa'an nan, ta amfani da dama lokuta, ya kawo su gida. Houses aka yanke taushi tsokoki, kasusuwa da kuma tafasa. Duk wannan yana zuwa da za a yi a cikin tsanani amincewa. Quite daban-daban shi ne ra'ayi na bude. Adrian Of Blegen, magajin gari na Leuven, kada ka bari su. A akasin wannan, ya patronized matasa likitoci, wani lokacin ba a autopsy.

Rigingimu da Drever

Andreas Vezaly jãyayya da Drever, wani malamin jami'ar Louvain, a kan yadda za a samar da cupping. Biyu tsaurin ra'ayi sun ci gaba a kan wannan batun. Galen da Hippocrates sanar da cewa jini ya kamata a yi a kan wani ɓangare na haƙuri ta jiki. Avicenna da Larabawa imani da cewa shi ya kamata a yi a gefen. Drever goyon Avicenna kuma Andreas - Galen da Hippocrates. Drever aka outraged da audacity na matasa likita. Duk da haka, da sharply ce. Bayan da cewa Drever zama Vesalius yi wa tare da rashin jituwa. Andreas ya ji cewa shi zai zama da wuya a ci gaba da aiki a Louvain.

Vesalius ke Venice

Mun ya tafi wani wuri zuwa wani lõkaci. Amma inda? Spain ne ba - a nan Church da babban iko, da kuma autopsies gani a matsayin mai cin mutumcin matattu. Yana kasance cikakken yiwu ba. A Faransa kuma a Belgium ya kuma kasance da wuya sosai haltta darasi. Saboda haka, Vesalius ya tafi da Jamhuriyar Venice. Ya na da hannu a cikin yiwuwar wani 'yanci da ya ilimin Halittar Jiki karatu. Kafa a 1222, na Jami'ar PADUA a 1440, ya zama rigakafi ga Venice. Mafi shahara likita makaranta a Turai ta zama ta likita baiwa. PADUA idon hadu da wannan alamar masanin kimiyya kamar yadda Andreas Vezaly, asali ayyuka wanda aka san shi da farfesa.

Andreas ya zama farfesa

Disamba 5, 1537 University of PADUA Vesalius bayar da a ƙayyadaddiyar taron doctorate, summa cum laude. Bayan da zanga-zanga, Andreas autopsy, ya aka nada farfesa tiyata. Da aikinsu na Vesalius yanzu ya koyar da ilmin jikin mutum. Saboda haka a cikin shekara 23 Andreas ya zama farfesa. Sauraro janyo hankalin ya m karatu. Ba da da ewa, a karkashin tutocin tashi, ƙaho da Andreas da aka nada likita a kotu na Bishop na PADUA.

Vesalius ya aiki yanayi. Ya ba su iya sulhunta kansa da na yau da kullum da mamaye a cikin sassan na Anatomy of daban-daban jami'o'i. Mutane da yawa furofesoshi kawai monotonously karanta excerpts daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Galen. Jahilci bayin za'ayi autopsies da malaman ya tsaya da girma na Galen a hannun lokaci da kuma nuna wa daban-daban gabobin na itace lokaci.

A farko ayyukan Vesalius

Vesalius a 1538 buga wani daga ilimin Halittar Jiki tebur. Sun kasance shida zanen gado na zane. A zana rubutu da aka sanya Kalckar S., wani almajiri na Titian. A wannan shekara Vesalius bugawa rubuce-rubucen na Galen. a shekara daga baya ya bayyana kansa abun da ke ciki - "Haruffa na bloodletting."

Andreas Vezaly, aiki a kan littafin da ayyukan magabata, ya hakikance cewa, tsarin da jikin mutum da aka bayyana, bisa dabba autopsy. Kamar wancan ne daukar kwayar cutar erroneous bayanin da aka legitimized ta al'ada da kuma lokaci. Ta wajen yin nazarin hanyar autopsies jikin mutum, Vesalius tara facts cewa gabagaɗi, suka saɓa wa kullum yarda canons.

"A tsarin da jikin mutum"

Andreas Vezaly for 4 shekaru, alhãli kuwa yanã a PADUA, rubuta da m aikin taken "A tsarin da jikin mutum" (littafin 1-7). Sai aka buga a 1543 a Basel da aka cika da kuri'a na da misalai. A wannan aikin Andreas Vezaly (photo aikin maida hankali ne akan nuna a sama) ya jagoranci bayanin irin tsarin da daban-daban da kuma tsarin gabobin, suna da yawa kuskuren da magabata, ciki har da Galen. Ya kamata a lura da cewa ikon Galen, bayan bayyanar da wannan rubutun da aka girgiza su, girgiza, kuma bayan wani lokaci, kuma bai fitar da.

Labor Vesalius aza harsashin ga zamani ilmin jikin mutum. A wannan aikin a karo na farko a tarihi da aka bai quite wani kimiyya maimakon tabbas, mai bayanin jikin mutum tsarin, wanda aka dogara ne a kan gwaji binciken.

Andreas Vezaly, wanda ya kafa na zamani Anatomy, ya yi babban taimako ga terminology a Latin. A matsayin tushen, ya dauki sunan da ya sanya a cikin 1 a. BC Aulus Korneliy Tsels, "Cicero na magani" da "Latin Hippocrates".

Andreas ya ba wani uniformity na ilimin Halittar Jiki terminology. Tare da rare ban, ya jefa duk shi barbarisms na tsakiyar zamanai. A lokaci guda, shi minimizes da yawan gretsizmov. Wannan za a iya dangana ga wasu har da kin amincewa da yawa daga cikin kayan abinci na Vesalius Galen ta magani.

Abin lura shi ne cewa Andreas, kasancewa wani majagaba a Anatomy, imani da cewa shafi tunanin mutum dako ne "dabba ruhohi", samar a cikin ventricles na kwakwalwa. Irin wannan ra'ayi reminiscent ka'idar Galen, kamar yadda wadannan "iskoki" an kawai sake masa suna "qwaqwalwa ne qwarai pneuma", wanda ya rubuta da farko.

"A tsarin da mutum kwakwalwa"

"A tsarin da mutum kwakwalwa" - wani aikin na Vesalius. Wannan shi ne sakamakon da binciken da magabata nasarori a vangaren tiyata. Duk da haka, ba kawai da shi. A sakamakon nasu bincike ya sa a cikin wannan littafin Andreas Vezaly. Su taimako ga kimiyya da yawa ya fi muhimmanci fiye da bayanin irin nasarorin da magabata. A abun da ke ciki da aka sanya a kimiyya samu cewa dogara ne a kan sabon hanyoyin koyo. Sun kasance da muhimmanci ga ci gaban kimiyya da lokaci.

Diplomasiya lavishing yabo Galen da kuma mamaki a versatility na sanin da vastness na tunani, Vesalius nuna kawai "rashin daidaito" a cikin rukunan da likita. Duk da haka, akwai wani total fiye da 200. A ainihi, su ne a musu daga cikin muhimman kayan abinci galenovskogo koyarwarsa.

A musamman, Vesalius farko ƙaryata game da ra'ayi cewa wani mutum a cardiac bango yana da ramukan ta hanyar abin da zargin canjawa wuri jini daga dama ventricle zuwa hagu. Andreas ya nuna cewa hagu da dama ventricles ba sadarwa tare da juna a cikin postembryonic lokaci. Duk da haka, saboda da bude daga Vesalius, ta rushe mas'ala ta Galen a kan physiological yanayi na jini wurare dabam dabam, da masanin kimiyya ba zai iya yin bincikensa,. Kawai daga baya ya aikata, shi Harvey.

The m ƙasida Sylvia

An dade kasance Brewing hadari m bayan buga wannan babban aiki na Andreas Vesalius. Malaminsa, Silvia, ko da yaushe dauke da gida da bude kofa ikon Galen. Ya yi imani da cewa duk abin da aka ba hadewa tare da wani look ko bayanin irin girma Roman ne erroneous. Saboda wannan dalili, Silvius ƙaryata binciken sanya ta wurin almajiri. Ya kira Andreas "nune", "girman kai mutum", "dodo", wanda numfashin infects dukan Turai. Sylvia ƴan goyan bayan malaminsa. Su ma sun yi tsayayya da Andreas, ya kira ta bashi da kyau kuma jãhilai. Duk da haka, Silvius tsakanin batancinsu bai daina akwai. Ya rubuta a 1555 mai kaifi ƙasida mai suna "sukar ƙiren ƙarya na mahaukaci ...". A 28 surori Silvius wittily izgili da abokinsa da kuma tsohon dalibi, da kuma yayi watsi da shi.

Ya buga wani m rawa a cikin rabo na wannan ƙasida, babban masanin kimiyya wanda ya Andreas Vezaly. Tarihinsa, tabbas, dã an yi supplemented da yawa m ban sha'awa binciken a Anatomy, idan ba wannan daftarin aiki, imbued tare da kishi da hassada da kuma sharri. Ya hada da abokan gāba da halitta a kusa da sunan Vesalius yanayi na jama'a raini. Andreas da aka yi zargin cewa ya irreverently nufin da koyarwar Galen da Hippocrates. Wadannan masana kimiyya da aka yi ba ta canonized da cocin Katolika, da dukkan-iko a lokacin. Duk da haka, su iko da farillai da aka dauka a matsayin gaskiya na Littafi. Saboda haka, ƙin yarda da su amounted zuwa kin amincewa da Malkisadik. Vesalius, haka ma, ya dalibi na Sylvia. Saboda haka, idan Silvius zargi da cajin da ƙiren ƙarya, mai cajin ɗora wa laifi su, ya zama kamar ma plausible.

Lura cewa Andreas malami kare ikon Galen da aka ba baiwa. Haushinka masanin kimiyya ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Vesalius, haifar da suna na Galen, da kuma halakar da mafi Sylvia, saboda na sanin aka dogara ne a kan matani na magani litattafansu, a hankali karatu da kuma wuce dalibai.

A kara rabo daga cikin sashen na Andreas

Vesalius mutum rauni sãmar da ƙasida Sylvia. Daga wannan duka iya daina warke Andreas Vezaly, wanda biography daga wannan lokacin alama ta da yawa matsaloli ci karo da mu gwarzo.

A PADUA akwai adawa da ra'ayoyi da Andreas. Daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki abokan adawar da ya zama Realdo Colombo, wani almajiri na Vesalius da mataimakinsa a cikin sashen. Colombo bayan wallafa insinuations Sylvia da cika fuska canza da hali ga Andreas. Ya fara aibanta shi, kokarin raunana masanin kimiyya a gaban dalibai.

Vesalius bar PADUA a 1544. Bayan haka, sashen tiyata da aka nada Colombo. Duk da haka, shi ne kawai aiki a shekara ta farfesa. A 1545 ya koma Colombo, University of Pisa. Kuma a cikin 1551 ya dauki kujera a Roma har mutuwarsa yi aiki a wannan birni. Gabriel Fallopian maye gurbin Colombo a PADUA sashen. Ya ayyana kansa a almajiri da kuma magaji na Vesalius da abin da aka sani za'ayi a kan hadisin.

Vesalius ke da sarki sabis

Andreas Vezaly, ya kafa na kimiyya na Anatomy, aka kõra su zuwa ga yanke ƙauna mugunta ƙirƙirãwa Sylvia. Ya yi ta dakatar da gudanar da bincike. Bugu da kari, Vesalius ƙone ɓangare na kayan da rubuce-rubucen da aka tattara domin nan gaba ayyukansu. A 1544 da ya tilasta wa mayar da su cikin likita ayyukan, shigar da sabis na Charles V, suka yi yaƙi a lokacin da Faransa. Kamar yadda wani soja mai fiɗa Vesalius ya tafi tare da shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ayyukan soji.

A cikin watan Satumba 1544 da yaki ya kan. Andreas ya tafi zuwa Brussels. Ga uban ya mutu jim kadan bayan Vesalius. Scientist bayan rasuwar tsohonsa, ya samu gādo, kuma ya ke samu a iyali. A Brussels a watan Janairu 1545 zo Charles V. Andreas ya kamata ya zama likita. Karl sha wahala daga gout. Ya ci abinci sosai ɓarna,. Likita Andreas Vezaly ne yin ta kokarin sauƙaƙke masa wahala.

A 1555, Charles V abdicated. Vesalius ya fara bauta wa Filibus II, ɗansa. A karshe, a 1559, ya koma daga Brussels a Madrid tare da kotun, da kuma Andreas da iyalinsa ya tafi tare da shi.

Pilgrimage to Palestine, mutuwa

Vesalius fara damƙar zalunta da Spanish Inquisition. An zargi a gaskiyar cewa a lokacin dissection na gawa kashe wani rai mutum. Andreas Vezaly, taimako don magani wanda aka babbar, aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Kawai godiya ga cẽto na sarki shi aka maye gurbinsu da wani azãba - mai aikin hajji a Palestine. Vesalius ya je Holy Sepulchre. Duk da yake shi ne mai wuya da kuma m tafiya.

Ko a lokacin da ya dawo gida Andreas jirgin a ƙofar mashigar Koranti na fadi. The masanin kimiyya aka jefa fitar a game. Zante. Akwai ya fadi rashin lafiya. Oktoba 2, 1564, yana da shekaru 50 da shekaru, sanannen likita ya mutu. A wannan secluded Pine rufe tsibirin da aka binne Andreas Vezaly.

Taimako zuwa ga magani da cewa masanin kimiyyar ba za a iya overestimated. Domin ya lokaci, kyaututukan da ya samu sun kawai neman sauyi. Abin farin, ba a banza ga ayyukan kimiyyar, Andreas Vesalius. Major binciken da aka ɓullo da, da kuma shi complemented yawa mabiya, wanda ya bayyana more kuma mafi bayan mutuwarsa.