Jamhuriyar Venetian. Jamhuriyar Saint Mark: tarihin

An kafa Jamhuriyar Venetanci a ƙarshen karni na bakwai a Turai. Babban birnin shi ne birnin Venice. A cikin yankunan arewa maso gabashin zamani Italiya, rukunin ƙasar bai tsaya ba, bayan da ya kafa mazauna a cikin kwandunan Marble, Aegean da Black Seas da Adriatic. Ya wanzu har 1797.

Dokar Republican

A Palace of Doges a kan pyantsette zauna ministocin da majalisar Doges, akwai wani kotu. Sakatariya, har ma da kurkuku. Jamhuriyar Venetian ta kashe dukan masu laifi a fili, sau da yawa ba tare da wani bayani ba - duk wani mutumin da aka kashe ya zama mai cin amana ga son kai.

Ƙungiyar asiri na goma sunyi aiki tare da aikace-aikace - yawanci a kan hukunci. A karshe dai mutanen garin sun ga gawa a tsakanin ginshiƙai a kan pianchette ba haka ba tun lokacin da suka wuce - a 1752, akwai alamar har yau: ba daidai ba ne a yi tsakanin ginshiƙai.

Duk da haka, ana iya ganin gawawwaki a ko'ina: a cikin fadar gidan Doges, a kan bisansa, inda akwai ginshiƙan launin launi, inda aka bar mahalarta a cikin makirci na Marino Falero, har ma a babban coci a kusurwar da aka nuna wa kawunansu. Wani sariri, wanda ya zama abin tsayawa a gare su, yana har yanzu. Saboda haka, an kafa dokoki cewa Jamhuriyar Venetanci tana buƙatar kiyayewa. Tarihinta ya dade da sabawa.

Yanayi na musamman

Ya kasance daga karni na biyar zuwa kusan goma sha tara, Jamhuriyar Republican sun zabi ginsunan gwamnati da kansu, kuma wani ya ce, dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekara ta 466, yawan mutanen launi na Venetian sun hada da wannan tunanin. An zabi wakilai goma sha biyu a majalisa na tsibirin tsibirin goma sha biyu a wancan lokaci, wanda ya zama Venice: Bebbe, Grado, Heraclea, Caorle, Torcello, Jesolo, Rialto, Murano, Povella, Malamokko, Big da Malaya Chioggia.

Jamhuriyar Venetian ta tilasta yin yaki da karfi kuma a kullum: Odoakr, Ostrogoths, Roman Empire, maimaita hare-hare na Lombards ... Saboda haka ne aka saukar da sarauta mafi girma. An zabi na farko a matsayinsa na dukan rayuwarsa, amma ba tare da canja wurinsa a matsayin gado a 697 ba. Wannan shi ne Paolo Lucio Anafesto, shugaban Jamhuriyar Venetian. Ko da yake an fara gudanar da zaben a farkon 727, lokacin da Doge ya zama Orseolo.

Duba da ma'auni

Tsarin siyasa na Venice yana da tsarin sarrafawa mai ban mamaki. Da farko dai, ya zama dole domin kada a yi amfani da wutar lantarki.

• Babbar Majalisa: Babban jiki wanda ya zaba babban majalisa, mashaidi da kuma kotu. Ƙungiya yana iyakance ga ladabi a ƙarƙashin shigarwa cikin "Golden Book". Lambar a lokuta dabam dabam daga 400 zuwa dubu ne.
• Doge: an zabe shi daga cikin wakilan San Marco - matsayi na rayuwa. Goma guda ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuka. Ba zan iya yin yanke shawara na sirri ba, ikon yana iyakance. Rashin ikon yin tafiya da mallaki dukiya a waje.
• Ƙananan majalisa: masu ba da shawara guda shida a karkashin jagorancin da kuma mambobi uku na majalisa na arba'in.
• Majalisar Dattijai: an zabi memba guda ɗari da ashirin a kowace shekara tare da 'yancin sake zaba. Wasu mambobi ɗari da arba'in ba tare da 'yancin jefa kuri'a ba. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai shine kwamiti na goma sha shida. Majalisar ta tantaunawa da warware dukan manufofi na waje da na gida.
• Majalisar arba'in: Kotun Koli na Jamhuriyar. An yi ta babban majalisa.
• Majalisar na goma: kusan Inquisition. Tsaro na musamman ga Doge. An zabi mambobi a cikin shekara guda ta Babbar Majalisa. An haramta sanin sani. Cikakken abun da ba'a sani ba.
• Sauran cibiyoyin iko: 'yan sana'a,' yan uwan addini.

Duk wani Venetian zai iya zaɓar da za a zaɓa, amma, kamar yadda kullum da ko'ina, Doge ya zama wakili na daya daga cikin manyan iyalai. Irin wannan za ~ en ba wai kawai Jamhuriyyar Venetian ba ne. Tarihi yana maimaita kansa kullum.

Samun iko

Bisa ga ƙa'ida, birnin Venice aka jera for Byzantine Empire, na wani dan gajeren lokaci Karl Veliky kara da shi zuwa ga nasu, amma a gaskiya akwai ya kasance kullum a kokawar. Halin yana da lafiya kuma yana da amfani. Jamhuriyar Venetian ba kawai ta samu nasarar cinikin ba, amma kuma sun yi nasara da nasara, musamman a teku. A sakamakon haka, gabashin gabashin Adriatic da kuma yawancin Ƙasar Italiya ya zama hannun ƙarfin Venetian.

Jihadi musamman wadãtar da cinikayya, da kuma birnin Venice fara inganta, fadada tasiri a tsakiya da kuma Near East. Masu fafatawa a fuskar garuruwan birnin Pisa da Genoa ba za su iya gasa da Jamhuriyar Doges ba.

Ƙuntata haƙƙoƙi

Duk da haka, a cikin jihar, masu mulkin demokra] iyya sun yi yaƙi da masu adawa da karfi. Bukatar wasu don juya Jamhuriyyar ta zama mulkin mallaka ba a ƙaddara ya zama gaskiya ba. A shekara ta 1172, an shirya Babban Majalisa na Dattijai na Za ~ en, wanda ya raunana ikon Doges.

Ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun canza sunayensu da lambobi: Jamhuriyar St. Mark, wanda aka kira shi da Jamhuriyar Venetian a Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ya kafa Majalisar Goma da Majalisar Dubu biyar, kuma waɗannan jikin sun zaɓi ikon da ke cikin Doges, sun kuma tsara kuma sarrafa duk ayyukan da Babban Gwamna na jihar. Har ila yau, sun sanya} ungiyar ta oligarchical, ta mulkin za ~ e.

A cikin hoton nan zaki ne na St. Mark, mai bishara, wanda sunansa majalisar ne da majalisar goma, wanda Jamhuriyyar Venetian ya yi alfahari. Kwanyar makamai yana gaban ku.

Oligarchy

Shirin da aka yi amfani dashi mafi tsawo shine yakin, kuma oligarks sun kasance tushen kudade. Kudin bashi ya zama dole kuma ya damu da mafi yawan jama'a. Ba shi yiwuwa a ki yarda ko watsi da shawarar da Jamhuriyar Venetian ta yanke. Tarihi ya kiyaye yawancin sunayen wadanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tsayayya, kuma ƙarshen ƙarshen ya kasance mai ban sha'awa. Kodayake, an kwantar da taron jama'a na kowa da wuri kuma sun rushe. Sharuɗɗa na aiki ne kawai don amfanin mai karfi.

Bayan cin nasarar Constantinople ta hannun 'yan Salibiyyar, Venice ta sami kashi uku daga cikin takwas na dukan ƙasar Byzantium da dukan tsibirin Crete. Saboda haka, a ƙarshen karni na goma sha biyar, ta kasance mai arziki kuma ba ji tsoron abokan gaba ba. Daga cikin 'yan Venetian akwai mutane da yawa na kimiyya da fasaha fiye da a kowace jiha. Dukansu masana'antu da cinikayya sun bunƙasa. Mutane sun yi wadata da sauri, saboda ba su dage shi da haraji.

Canje-canje

Portugal a 1498 ya bude hanya ta teku zuwa Indiyawan Gabas, kuma birnin Venice ya rasa dukiyar cinikin gabas. Gwamnatin Ottoman ta dauki Konstantinful kuma ta sace Venetians kusan dukkanin abin da suke da su, har ma Albania da Negroponte, sannan kuma Cyprus da Candia. Tun 1718, Jamhuriyar Venetian ya daina yin aiki a harkokin kasuwancin duniya.

Tana da kimanin mutane miliyan biyu da rabi da ke zaune a Venice kanta, a Dalmatiaya, Istria da Ionian Islands. Kuma bayan juyin juya halin Faransa, 'yanci na karshe na birnin ya ɓata. Bonaparte ya bayyana yakin basasa a kasar. Babu shawarwari da rashin amincewa ba su yi aiki ba. Venice ya mika kansa ga jinƙan mai nasara a 1797. Yankin ƙasar Jamhuriyar Italiya ya raba tsakanin Ostiryia, Faransa da mulkin Italiya.

Sakamako

Cikakken rayuwa wanzu fiye da 1100 da shekaru, ya lashe da yankin a thousandfold mafi girma daga kansa, wanda ya fi m sojan ruwa jiragen ruwa a tekun Bahar Rum, a adãwa da Turks da Ottoman Empire, da Jamhuriyar Venice za a tuna a matsayin na farko demokra] iyya jihar. Gaskiyar cewa ta baya iya kare ba kawai babban birnin da aka yi nasara ba, amma babban birninta ya zama darasi: yakin da makwabta ba shi da kyau fiye da yakin basasa.