Dzheyms Dzhoul: biography, binciken kimiyya

Kila babu wani mutum wanda bai san sunan Dzheyms Dzhoul. Opening lissafi nema ko'ina. Wace hanya ya masanin kimiyya? Abin da binciken da ya yi?

A rayuwa na mashawarta likita

Disamba 24, 1818 aka haife Dzheyms Dzhoul. Biography gaba kimiyyar lissafi fara a cikin harshen Turanci a garin Salford, a cikin iyali na mai shi da wani cin nasara madafar giya. Boy koyo faruwa a cikin gida, yayin da kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai ya sanar da Dzhon Dalton. Godiya ga shi, cikin harshen Turanci likita, da kuma fadi cikin soyayya da kimiyya.

Joel bai da lafiya mai kyau, da yawa daga cikin lokaci da ya zauna a gida, gudanar da jiki da gwaje-gwaje da kuma gwaje-gwajen. Tuni a cikin shekaru 15, saboda mahaifinsa rashin lafiya, dole ne ya gudanar da madafar giya da ɗan'uwansa. Aiki a mahaifinsa factory sanya shi ba zai yiwu ba in tafi jami'a, don haka Dzheyms Dzhoul ne gaba ɗaya aka ba wa gida awon.

Daga 1838 zuwa 1847 da likita rayayye karatu da wutar lantarki da kuma sa ta farko da kimiyya nasarori. A mujallar Annals of Wutar Lantarki, ya buga wani labarin game da wutar lantarki, da kuma a 1841 ya bude wani sabon jiki dokar da cewa yanzu Bears sunansa.

A 1847, da Yowel ƙarasa na farko da kawai aure da Ameliey Grayms. Ba da da ewa aka haife Elis Ameliya da Bendzhamin Artur. A 1854, matata da kuma dan aka kashe. Joel kansa ya mutu a 1889 a Ingila, a Salem.

A duk rayuwarsa ya buga game da 97 takardunku a kan kimiyyar lissafi, wasu daga cikinsu an rubuta su a tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu masana kimiyya: .. Lyon, Thomson, da dai sauransu domin fice kimiyya nasarori da kuma bude dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, ya aka bayar da dama lambar yabo da samu a rayuwa fensho daga gwamnatin Birtaniya a cikin adadin game da 200 fam.

A farko ayyukan da gwaje-gwajen

Kallon tururi injuna a kan mahaifinsa madafar giya, Dzheyms Dzhoul yanke shawarar maye gurbin su da wutar lantarki ga ya dace. A 1838 ya buga a wata mujallar kimiyya labarin a cikin abin da ya paints da na'urar da suke? Ir? Ira da electromagnetic mota. A 1840, madafar giya, sabon lantarki Motors da kuma lissafin kimiyya ci gaba da karatu da lantarki da kuma zafi saki. Daga baya ya juya daga cewa tururi injuna suna da ya fi dacewa.

A lokacin da gwaje-gwajen, Joule halitta thermometers cewa zai iya auna yanayin zafi zuwa cikin 1/200 na wani mataki. Wannan ya yale shi ya shiga cikin binciken na Joule sakamako. A 1840, godiya ga dogon zangon-kallo, wani likita detects da Magnetic jikewa sakamako. A cikin wannan shekara shi aika zuwa Royal Society takarda "A cikin Formation zafi ta hanyar lantarki a halin yanzu." A labarin da aka ba gõdadde. Buga da shi amince ne kawai Manchester Literary da ilimin falsafa mujallar.

Joule-Lenz

Ba'a kula da suba London Scientific Society labarin baya tabbatar da cewa daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da masanin kimiyya. A cikin labarin Dzheyms Dzhoul yi magana game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin halin yanzu da kuma adadin zafi tsara. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa yawan zafi da aka saki a cikin wani shugaba ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga juriya da shugaba, da square na girma da kuma lokacin da nassi na yanzu.

A wannan lokaci, wannan ka'ida ɓullo da Emiliy Lents. Gaskiyar cewa watsin da wani ƙarfe shugaba dogara da yawan zafin jiki, da Rasha, likita ya gano a farkon 1832. A daidai ƙayyade da yawan zafin jiki a cikin shugaba masanin kimiyya ƙirƙira musamman ganga, wanda aka cika da barasa. Waya ta hanyar abin da wani halin yanzu an kika aika a cikin jirgin ruwa. Next shi yana ajiye turbar yaushe barasa warms sama. Dzheyms Preskott Joule amfani da irin wannan hanya, amma a matsayin wani ruwa ta amfani da ruwa.

A sakamakon shekaru na bincike da Lenz ta buga kawai a 1843, amma aikinsa ya fi daidai kimiyya karatu fiye da Joule, aikin da a farko ba su ma so a buga su. Ganin primacy na Joule da kuma cikakken lissafin Emiliya Lentsa, an yanke shawarar suna da dokar a cikin girmamawa biyu. A tsawon lokaci, da Joule-Lenz qaddamar thermodynamic.

magnetostriction

A layi daya da kaddarorin lantarki halin yanzu Dzheyms Dzhoul karatu Magnetic mamaki. A 1842, sai ya ce, cewa da baƙin ƙarfe dabam a size ƙarƙashin rinjayar Magnetic tãguwar ruwa. Idan karfe sanduna sanya a cikin wani Magnetic filin, tsawonsa zai zama kadan more.

A kimiyya al'umma shakka wanzuwar nan na budewa. Canza girman da sandunansu, ya haka bai isa a kula da cewa ba a gane ta da mutum ido da shi. Amma da likita ya ɓullo da wani musamman dabara ta wadda samu hujja bayyananniya.

Daga baya ya juya daga cewa wannan sakamako da sauran karafa, da kuma sabon abu kira magnetostriction. Yanzu bude da Joule samu da yawa amfani. Alal misali, waveguide abu don auna ruwa matakin a cikin tankuna ne magnetostrictive karafa. Wannan sabon abu da ake amfani da yi na tasirin a antikrazhevyh tsarin.

Gwaje-gwajen da gas

A cikin 40s Dzheyms Dzhoul ne rayayye binciko kaddarorin da gas, wato mamaki hade tare da fadada da kuma ƙanƙancewa. Ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da tsawo daga cikin baki gas, ta haka ne suke tabbatar da cewa ta ciki makamashi ba ya dogara ne a kan girma. Muhimmanci ne kawai da gas zazzabi.

A 1848, da Yowel karo na farko a cikin tarihin na kimiyyar lissafi don auna gudun da gas kwayoyin. Wannan kwarewa shi ne farkon aiki a kan sanadin motsi ka'idar gas, ba impetus bincike kuma a cikin wannan yanki. Joule daga baya aikin ci gaba da Scot Dzheyms Maksvell.

Domin ya gagarumin kimiyya gudunmawar girmama na Turanci likita da aka mai suna a naúrar na aikin, da kuma adadin zafi makamashi - Joule.

Joule da kuma Thomson

A banbanci a kan ayyukan da Joule da fitarwa a duniyar kimiyya da Uilyam Tomson. Masana kimiyya hadu a 1847 a lokacin da Joel ya wakilta Birtaniya Association of Masana kimiyya rahoton a kan ji na inji m zafi.

Kafin Thomson Joule ba a dauki tsanani a tsarar masana kimiyya. Wa ya sani, watakila da ba mu sani ya gano dokoki na kimiyyar lissafi, idan Uilyam Tomas bai bayyana su da muhimmancin "snobs" na Birtaniya al'umma.

Tare kimiyyar lissafi Properties karatu gas bude, cewa gas da aka sanyaya da adiabatic throttling. Wannan shi ne, yawan zafin jiki na gas (ko ruwa) an rage a lokacin da nassi ta hanyar da orifice (makaran bawul). Sabon abu ne ake kira Joule-Thomson sakamako. Yanzu wannan sabon abu da ake amfani da su samu low yanayin zafi.

Masana kimiyya sun kuma tsunduma a wani thermodynamic sikelin, mai suna bayan da lakabi na Ubangiji Kelvin, wanda mallakar William Thomson.

Yarda da James Joule

Fame da kuma fitarwa tukuna riska Birtaniya likita. A 50-ies na XIX karni, ya zama memba na Royal Society da aka bayar da Royal mindar. A 1866 ya karbi Copley mindar, sa'an nan Albert mindar.

Sau da yawa Joule ya zama shugaban kasa na Birtaniya Science Association. Ya aka bayar da ilimi mataki na Doctor of Law a College Dublin, Edinburgh da kuma Oxford jami'o'i.

A masa mutunci wani mutum-mutumi a cikin ma'aikatar magajin gari a Manchester da kuma tunawa a Westminster Abbey. A kan Reverse gefen watã bakin dutse akwai James Joule.

ƙarshe

Shahararren masanin kimiyya, wanda sunansa ne aka kira da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma raka'a iya ba samun yarda. Mun gode wa haƙuri, da aiki tukuru, ya ba su yi shakka yawa kasawa. A karshen ya tabbatar da dama a wuri karkashin rana, ko a kalla a Lunar bakin dutse.